1. Foot and Ankle Muscular Anatomy

2. Dorsiflexors

3. Tibialis Anterior Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Upper two thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and the adjoining part of the interosseous membrane
Insertion
Medial side of the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal
Action
Ankle DorsiFlexion, Foot Inversion
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal nerve
Palpation
Resist dorsiFlexion. Tendon can be palpated medial to ankle joint

4. Peroneus Tertius Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Front of the lower quarter of the fibula
Insertion
Medial and dorsal aspect of the base of the fifth metatarsal
Action
Ankle DorsiFlexion, Foot Eversion
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal nerve
Palpation
Resist dorsiFlexion and Eversion. Palpation from medial aspect of base of 5th metatarsal. Tendon is lateral to the extensor digitorum longus tendon

5. Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin
Upper 2/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula; upper part of the interosseous membrane and the lateral condyle of the tibia
Insertion
Splits into 4 tendons. Attaches onto the base of the middle and distal phalanx via the extensor hood of the 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th digits
Action
Extension of lateral 4 toes, Ankle DorsiFlexion
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal nerve
Palpation
Palpate approximately 2 cm inferior and medial from fibula head. Resist toe Extension

6. Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin
Middle half of the anterior surface of the fibula and the adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion
Base of distal phalanx on its dorsal surface
Action
Extension of all the joints of the great toe, Ankle DorsiFlexion
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal nerve
Palpation
Palpate tendon with great toe extended. Follow superiorly and slightly laterally for approx. 12 cm past the ankle joint. Rhythmical Extension and Flexion of the great toe aids palpation

7. Plantarflexors

8. Gastrocnemius Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Medial supracondylar ridge and adductor tubercle of the medial femur. Lateral condyle femur. Posterior capsule of the knee from oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion
Middle Part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Action
Ankle Plantarflexion, Knee Flexion.
Nerve Supply
Tibial Nerve
Palpation

9. Middle part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Soleus
Origin
Soleal line on the posterior surface of the tibia, the posterior surface of the upper third of the fibula
Insertion
Middle part of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
Action
Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Tibial Nerve
Palpation
Lateral border can be palpated lateral and inferior to lateral head of gastroc when ankle plantarflexed

10. Ankle Plantarflexion, Ankle Plantarflexion
Plantaris
Origin
Lowest part of the lateral supracondylar ridge, the popliteal surface of the femoral and the knee joint capsule
Insertion
Medial aspect of the tendocalcaneus or posterior medial surface of the calcaneus
Action
Ankle Plantarflexion, Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Tibial Nerve
Palpation
Prone with knee Flexion 90. Hand over heel and forearm over the plantar aspect of the foot. Resist Plantarflexion and knee Flexion. Palpate medial and superior to the lateral head of gastrocnemius in the popliteal fossa

11. Peroneus Longus Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Lateral condyle of the tibia, upper 2.3 of the lateral surface of the fibula and the lateral side of the fibula head
Insertion
Plantar and lateral surfaces of the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal
Action
Foot Eversion, Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Superficial peroneal nerve
Palpation
Palpate distal to the fibula head while resisting ankle Eversion

12. Peroneus Brevis Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Lower two thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
Insertion
Tubercle on the lateral side of the base of the 5th metatarsal
Action
Foot Eversion, Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Peroneal Nerve
Palpation
Superior to the tendon of peroneus longus anterior the lateral malleolus

13. Foot Inversion, Ankle Plantarflexion,
Tibialis Posterior
Origin
Upper half of the lateral aspect of the posterior surface of the tibia, the interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the tibula
Insertion
Tubercle on the medial side of the navicular and the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform
Action
Foot Inversion, Ankle Plantarflexion,
Nerve Supply
Tibial nerve
Palpation
Resist Inversion of the plantarflexed foot. The tendon can palpated and seen behind the medial malleolus and attachment onto the navicular

14. Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin
Medial part of the posterior surface of the tibia
Insertion
Plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th digits
Action
Flexion of the lateral 4 toes, Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Tibial nerve
Palpation
Inferior to the tibialis posterior tendon underneath the sustentaculum tali. Resist toe Flexion for confirmation

15. Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin
Lower 2/3 of the posterior surface of the fibula
Insertion
Plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx
Action
Great Toe Flexion, Ankle Plantarflexion
Nerve Supply
Tibial nerve
Palpation
N/A

16. Toe Extension

17. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin
Anterior roughened part of the upper surface of the calcaneus
Insertion
Dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. Lateral side of the extensor hood of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes
Action
Great Toe and Toe Extension
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal nerve
Palpation
With the toes extended palpation lateral and deep to the tendons of extensor digitorum longus

18. Lumbricals Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Medial and adjacent tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion
Medial side of the extensor hood and base of the proximal phalanx of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th digits
Action
Metatarsophalangeal Flexion, Interphalangeal Extension
Nerve Supply
Medial and Lateral plantar nerve
Palpation
N/A

19. Toe Flexion

20. Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin
Medial side of the plantar surface of the cuboid and the adjacent surface of the lateral cuneiform
Insertion
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Action
Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint
Nerve Supply
Medial plantar nerve
Palpation
N/A

21. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin
Medial tubercle of the calcaneus
Insertion
Side of the base of the middle phalanx of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th digits
Action
Proximal interphalangeal Flexion, Metatarsophalangeal Flexion
Nerve Supply
Medial Planatar Nerve
Palpation
N/A

22. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin
Plantar aspect of the base of the 5th metatarsal
Insertion
Lateral side of the plantar surface of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
Action
5th Metatarsophalageal joint Flexion
Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Palpation
Deep palpation of the lateral plantar aspect during little toe Flexion

23. Dorsal Interossei Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Proximal half of the side of adjacent metatarsals
Insertion
Side of the proximal phalanx
Action
Metatarsophalanheal Flexion, Toe abduction
Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Palpation
Place the fingers inbetween the proximal aspect of the metatarsal dorsally. Abduct the toes

24. Plantar Interossei Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Plantar and medial aspect of the base and proximal end of the shaft of the metatarsals
Insertion
Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the same toe
Action
Metatarsophalangeal Flexion, Toe adduction
Nerve Supply
Lateral plantar nerve
Palpation NA

25. Flexor Accessorius (Quadratus Plantae)
Origin
Medial and lateral tubercles of the calcaneus
Insertion
Tendon of flexor digitorum
Action
Pulls on the tendon of flexor digitorum to flex the toes towards the heel rather than towards the medial malleolus
Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Palpation NA

26. Toe Abduction

27. Abductor Digit Minimi Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Medial and lateral tubercles of the calcaneus
Insertion
Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe
Action
Abduction of 5th toe, Metatarsophalangeal joint Flexion
Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Palpation NA

28. Toe Adduction

29. Adductor Hallucis Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply Palpation
Oblique: Plantar surface of the bases of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals
Transverse: Plantar surface of the lateral 3 metatarsophalanheal joints
Insertion
Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Action
Great Toe adduction, 1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint Flexion
Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Palpation NA

30. Ankle Dorsiflexors Tibialis Anterior Peroneus Tertius
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

31. Ankle Plantflexors Gastrocnemius Soleus Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus

32. Ankle Inversion Tibialis Anterior Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

33. Ankle Eversion
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Peroneus Tertius

34. Flexion of Toes Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Flexor Accessorius
Interossei
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Lumbricals

35. Extension of Toes Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Lumbricals

36. Abductor Digiti Minimi
Abduction of Toes
Abductor Hallucis
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Dorsal Interossei

37. Adduction of Toes
Adductor Hallucis
Plantar Interossei