1. JOINT UNCERTAINTIES IN “CANONICAL” QUANTITIES
Measuring one quantity can blur another quantity
Momentum and position:
Determine position, probe imparts an uncertain motion.
Determine speed, must observe travel over multiple positions.
Energy and time:
For short time window, energy hasn’t stabilized.
For stable energy, must give it time to attain equilibrium.

2. ACTION  kilograms  (meters/second)  meters
“ACTION” the most fundamental quantity is nature, is
Momentum merged with Length:
[ kilograms  meters/second ]  [ meters ]
Energy merged with time:
[ kilograms  (meters/second)2 ]  [ seconds ]
ACTION  kilograms  (meters/second)  meters

3. The Principle of Least Action
The laws of physics can be deduced from the fact that
Nature chooses conditionsn that minimize action.
Quantized Action
All action is constructed from discrete blocks of a basic
Unit (called Planck’s constant ħ )