1. Our level of awareness about ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
Our level of awareness about ourselves and our environment

2. Levels of consciousness
Conscious level
The information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of.
Nonconscious level
Body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of

3. Levels of consciousness
Preconscious level
Information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about but you could be
Subconscious level
Information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior.

4. Levels of consciousness
Unconscious level
Psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind. Many psychologists object to this concept as difficult or impossible to prove

5. Selective Attention
At any moment the ability to focus awareness on a very limited aspect of all that we are capable of experiencing.
For example- being in a crowded room and listening to a single conversation
Becoming aware of how your clothes feel on your body.

6. Can unnoticed stimuli affect us? Yes. Mere exposure effect
In an experiment women listened to headphones where one side played music and the other poetry- they were told to focus on the poetry. They were later exposed to the tunes again to see if they remembered them- they did not. When asked to rate their fondness for the tunes they preferred the ones played previously.

7. Levels of informational processing
Processing subconscious information occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks
Conscious processing takes place in sequence (serially)
You can’t concentrate on two separate things at once

8. Try this
Move your right foot in a smooth counterclockwise circle
Write the number three several times
Do the two tasks at the same time.
Note: if your left-handed do the left foot.

9. Daydreams and fantasies
Nearly everyone has daydreams or waking fantasies every day.
Compared with older adults, young adults spend more time daydreaming.
It can be escapist but it may also be adaptive- for children daydreaming in the form of imaginative play feeds social and cognitive development.
Daydreams may also substitute for impulsive behavior.

10. SLEEP
Sleep – sweet, renewing, mysterious sleep. What is it? Why must we have it? Why do we spend a third of our lives- some 25 years, on average – sleeping? What and why do we dream?

11. Are the following statements true or false?
1. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
2. When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream.
3. Some people dream every night; others seldom dream at all.
4. After two or three sleepless days, a person’s performance on a brief but demanding task suffers.
5. Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.

12. Circadian rhythm Sequences of behavioral changes that occur every day
Changes in alertness that occur throughout the day.
The body’s natural cycle is 25 hours long
Watch the video clip.

13. Sleep Throughout the night we go through 5 distinct stages of sleep.
Stage 1 – During this brief light sleep, you may experience fantastic images which are like hallucinations. You may have a sensation of falling or floating weightlessly- hypnogogic sensations.

14. SLEEP
Stage 2 – After about 20 minutes you relax more deeply, sleep spindles- bursts of rapid rhythmic brain-wave activity. You can be awakened fairly easily during this phase but you are clearly asleep. Sleeptalking can occur during this stage

15. SLEEP
Stage 3 – A transitional stage you begin to see large, slow delta waves
Stage 4 – Deep sleep, delta waves dominate
These two stages combined last approx. 30 minutes, during which your are hard to awaken.
It’s at the end of this stage that children wet the bed or begin walking in their sleep
Even when you’re deeply asleep you brain processes the meaning of certain stimuli- you don’t hear traffic but you do hear a baby’s cry

16. REM SLEEP
After a period of time in deep sleep, our brain waves start to speed up and go back through stages 3 and 2. As we reach stage 1, our brain produces a period of intense activity, our eyes dart back and forth, muscles twitch. This is REM- rapid eye movement sleep also called paradoxical sleep.

17. REM Sleep Dreams usually occur in REM sleep
REM deprivation interferes with memory
If denied REM sleep individuals will experience REM rebound
The more stress we experience during the day the longer our periods of REM sleep will be.

18. Sleep and Dreams
Measuring sleep activity

19. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

20. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

21. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

22. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents

23. Sleep Deprivation Spring time change (hour sleep loss)
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

24. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
momentary reawakenings

25. Night Terrors and Nightmares1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

26. Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

27. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning

28. Dreams As Information Processing REM Rebound helps facilitate memories
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

29. Sleep Across the Lifespan

30. Dream Log
We will be discussing various theories of dream interpretation, over the next several days keep a journal and record your dreams. As a project you will be choosing one or more of your dreams to interpret using the different theories.