1. INTRO TO GENETICS

2. GENETICS the study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next

3. TRAIT a characteristic Examples: Plant size, seed color, pod shape

4. GENES
Each feature of the pea plants is controlled by a gene. It may have a gene that controls its color, another for size and another for shape.

5. GENE the factors that control traits (found in the DNA)

6. Above you see chromosomes. The circled area is a gene on chromosome #22. The absence of this gene causes velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) which may cause ADD and mental illness

7. ALLELES
Each gene comes in different forms called alleles, so the gene that controls flower color may come in two alleles: purple and white.

8. ALLELES different forms of a gene

10. GREGOR MENDEL The “father” of genetics Lived from 1822-1884
Austrian Monk
Published his work in 1866, but no one took him seriously until 1900.
Studied Pea Plants!

11. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS

12. Mendel experimented with 7 different characteristics

13. Mendel Got Lucky for 2 Big Reasons
First, he had a lot of time…he was a monk. This let him do LOTS of experiments with the peas!
Each trait had 2 options. This was key because he could tell if it was one way or the other.

14. HOMOZYGOUS organism with two identical alleles for the same trait (TT or tt)

15. HETEROZYGOUS organism with two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)

16. DOMINANT allele that is expressed when in the presence of a recessive allele (TT or Tt = tall)

17. RECESSIVE allele that is expressed only when homozygous (tt = short)

18. PHENOTYPE physical characteristics (Tall, Brown)

19. GENOTYPE the genetic makeup (TT, TtHh)

20. Dominant = T GENE = Height ALLELE = Tall, Short
Gene is represented by the letter “t”
Dominant = T
Recessive = t
Remember you need 2 copies of every gene!!!

21. How can we determine what the offspring are going to be?

22. PUNNETT SQUARES

23. Reginald C. Punnett
Inventor of the Punnett Square

24. PUNNETT SQUARES chart showing the possible combination of alleles in a cross

25. Punnett Squares show the probability of getting a certain type of offspring

26. THE PARENTS GENOTYPES DAD = Tt (heterozygous) MOM = Tt (heterozygous)
PHENOTYPES
DAD = Tall
MOM = Tall

27. PUNNETT SQUARES t T T t T T T T t t t t

28. THE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES 1TT:2Tt:1tt (1:2:1) TT (homozygous dominant)
Tt (heterozygous)
tt (homozygous recessive)

29. THE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES 3 Tall :1 Short (3:1) TT (tall) Tt (tall)
tt (short)

30. Cross a homozygous dominant with a recessive (for height where T is dominant and tall). Find the genotype and the phenotype

31. Cross a heterozygote with a recessive (for height where T is dominant and tall). Find the genotype and the phenotype

32. Cross a heterozygote with another heterozygote (for skin color where Black is B, b = white). Find the genotype and the phenotype

33. Cross a heterozygote with another heterozygote (for nose size where big nose is N and small nose is n). Find the genotype and the phenotype

34. each trait is inherited independent of other traits (chance)
Independent Assortment
each trait is inherited independent of other traits (chance)

35. Segregation
in meiosis two alleles separate so that each gamete (sex cell) receives only one form of the gene from each parent

36. Mendel’s Principles of Inheritance
Inherited traits are transmitted by genes which occur in alternate forms called alleles
Principle of Dominance - when 2 forms of the same gene are present the dominant allele is expressed
Principle of Segregation - in meiosis two alleles separate so that each gamete receives only one form of the gene
Principle of Independent Assortment - each trait is inherited independent of other traits (chance)

37. If we saw an organism that had round seeds (round is dominant), how could we figure out what its genotype is?

38. A cross between an unknown and a homozygous recessive
Test Cross
A cross between an unknown and a homozygous recessive

39. Example of a Test Cross
Unknown

40. Incomplete Dominance
When a combination of the dominant and recessive creates a new phenotype. RR = red, rr = white, and Rr = pink

41. Incomplete Dominance RR Rr rr

42. Incomplete Dominance Cross

43. Incomplete Dominance Cross

44. Co-dominance
When an intermediate between the dominant and recessive is expressed. TT = tall, Tt = medium, and tt = short

45. a trait that is found on either the X or Y chromosome
Sex Linked Trait
a trait that is found on either the X or Y chromosome

46. Hemophilia is an example of a sex linked trait.

47. a disease where your blood doesn’t clot.
Hemophilia
a disease where your blood doesn’t clot.

48. Hemophilia only occurs when all of the X chromosomes have a copy of the recessive gene.

49. XhXh:female hemophiliac
XHXh:female carrier
XhXh:female hemophiliac
XHY:normal male
XhY:hemophiliac male

52. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

53. Difference between normal cells & sickle cells

54. ss = sickle cells (lethal)
SS = normal
Ss = carrier (SC trait)
ss = sickle cells (lethal)

55. Sickle Cells tend to get stuck easily in the circulatory system.

57. Why would African American’s be so much more likely to have Sickle Cell?

60. Regular red blood cells infected by malaria

61. chart that shows the relationships within a family
PEDIGREE
chart that shows the relationships within a family

62. Sample Pedigree

63. Sample Pedigree

65. Pedigree Basics
Males are squares, females are circles, and unborn babies are triangles or octagons
Shaded figures represent individuals with the trait, a carrier could be 1/2 shaded
Generations are numbered with roman numerals (I, II, II, IV) from top to bottom
People within generations are numbered (1,2,3) from left to right

66. ANTIBODY
a protein produced by white blood cells in the body in response to the presence of an antigen, for example, a bacterium or virus

67. ANTIGEN
a substance, usually a protein, on the surface of a cell or bacterium that stimulates the production of an antibody

68. Blood Groups Blood group A
You have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group B
You have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.

69. Blood Groups
Blood group AB You have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group 0
You have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

70. Rh Factors
Many people have a Rh factor on the surface of their red blood cells. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.

71. You can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:
Possible Blood Groups
You can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:

72. Transfusions
The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens.

73. People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers.

74. PRACTICE TRANSFUSIONS

75. Humans “clone” trees by cuttings
200 B.C.
Humans “clone” trees by cuttings

76. 1950
Humans clone frogs

77. 1980’s
Humans clone mice!

78. 1997
HUMANS CLONE SHEEP!!!

79. Humans clone 8 copies of a cow!!!
1998
Humans clone 8 copies of a cow!!!

80. 20??

81. GENETIC ENGINEERING
moving genes from one chromosome of one organism to the chromosome of another

82. “Fat” Gene
                                 

83. making an exact copy of another cell / organism
CLONING
making an exact copy of another cell / organism

84. Dolly—the first cloned sheep
Ian Wilmut, the dude that did it

85. Check out this short movie that talks about cloning…

86. A dividing cell

88. Read NYTimes Article "Despite Warnings, 3 Vow to Go Ahead on Human Cloning"
a. What did three proponents of human cloning announce on August 7, 2001? b. Where did they make this announcement? c. Why did some scientists at the symposium object to the proponents' announcement? d. Why did Dr. Alan Colman object to the research by these proponents being done in secret? e. According to the article, what was the consensus among the panel and most of those who testified before it?

89. Read NYTimes Article "Despite Warnings, 3 Vow to Go Ahead on Human Cloning"
f. Who was "Dolly"? g. What animals have been successfully cloned? h. According to the article, what is involved in cloning a human? i. How did the three proponents say they would address the possibility of genetic abnormalities? j. How did other experts at the symposium respond to this statement? k. Why do the proponents need to conduct their research secretly?

90. http://www. biology. arizona

91. AMNIOCENTESIS
A technique used to determine the genetic traits of a baby before it is born

96. Klinefelter Syndrome
Have male genitalia and internal ducts, but underdeveloped testes
Do not produce sperm
Slight enlargement of the breasts
47,XXY
1 out of every 500 male births

97. Turner Syndrome Has female external genitalia Underdeveloped ovaries
Short (under 5 feed)
Webbed Neck
Broad, Shield-like chest
45,X
1 out of every 3000 female births

98. Cri-du-Chat Syndrome Partial monosomy (part of 1 chromosome is lost)
Loss of about 1/3 of the short arm of chromosome 5
Anatomical malfomrations (gastrointestinal and cardiac complications)
Mentally retarded
Abnormal development of the larynx which makes the baby’s cry sound like a cat’s cry
1 in 50,000 live births

99. Down Syndrome
BKA trisomy 21 (47, 21+); 3 copies of the 21st chromosome
Short
Small round heads
Protruding, furrowed tongues which cause mouth to remain partially open
Retarded (IQ below 70)
Shortened life expectancy (<50)
Prone to reparatory disease and heart malformations
Have 15x higher chance of getting leukemia
Chance of having a baby with Down syndrome goes up as the mother gets older