Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Chapter 8 Appendicular Skeleton
2
Fig. 8.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Upper limb Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvic girdle Os coxae Lower limb Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (63 bones per each side of the body,126 bones total) Pectoral girdle (4 bones total) Clavicle (2) Pelvic girdle (2 bones total) Os coxae (2) llium, ischium, and pubis bones fuse in early adolescence Scapula (2) Femur (2) Upper limbs (30 bones per each upper limb 60 bones total) Humerus (2) Lower limbs (30 bones per each lower limb, 60 bones total) Patella (2) Radius (2) Tibia (2) Ulna (2) Fibula (2) Carpals (16) Scaphoid (2), lunate (2), triquetrum (2), pisiform (2), trapezium (2), trapezoid (2), capitate (2), hamate (2) Tarsals (14) Calcaneus (2),talus (2), navicular (2), cuboid (2), medial cuneiform (2), intermediate cuneiform (2), lateral cuneiform (2) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10)
3
Girdles: Bones that hold other bones in place
Pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Pelvic girdle Os coxae Pectoral girdle articulates with trunk holds upper limbs left and right clavicle left and right scapula Pelvic girdle articulates with thigh left and right ox coxae
4
Sternal end articulates with sternum
Fig The Clavicles Sternal end articulates with sternum Acromial end (acro = topmost or tip), articulates with scapula at acromium conoid tuburcle and costal tuberosity for muscle and ligament attachment Posterior Lateral Medial Anterior Acromial end Sternal end (a) Superior view, right clavicle Posterior Acromial end Sternal end Lateral Medial Anterior (b) Inferior view, right clavicle
5
Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Superior angle
Fig. 8.3 Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Superior angle Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle
6
Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Superior angle Supraspinous
Fig. 8.3 Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle
7
Supraspinous fossa Acromion Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity
Fig The Scapula Supraspinous fossa Acromion Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Inferior angle Acromion
8
Fig. 8.2 The Scapula and the Clavicle
Acromion Acromial end Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Clavicle Subscap-ular fossa Scapula (c) Right scapula and clavicle articulation, anterior view Sternal Clavicle articulates with scapula at acromion Scapula articulates with humerus in glenoid cavity Broad surfaces of scapula for muscle attachment
9
Fig. 8.2 The Scapula and the Clavicle
Clavicle articulates with scapula at acromion Scapula articulates with humerus in glenoid cavity Broad surfaces of scapula for muscle attachment Coracoid process Subscapular fossa Glenoid cavity Acromion Head of humerus (d) Radiograph of right shoulder
10
Fig. 8.1 Upper limb includes humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges One bone, two bones, bunch of bones, phalanges Upper limb Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
11
Fig. 8.4 The Humerus (anterior)
Greater tubercle Head Greater tubercle makes rounded contour of shoulder intertubercular sulcus contains tendon of bicep muscle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft
12
Fig. 8.4 The Humerus (anterior)
muscles attach to epicondyles feel on either side of elbow capitulum and trochlea articulate with radius and ulna radius fits into radial fossa coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea
13
Fig. 8.4 The Humerus (posterior)
Head Greater tubercle Radial groove accommodates radial nerves Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove 13
14
Fig. 8.4 The Humerus (posterior)
Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Trochlea Fig. 8.4 The Humerus (posterior) Radial groove accommodates radial nerves Olecranon fossa accommodates olecranon of ulna 14
15
b-d: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel
Fig. 8.4 Elbow Joint Humerus Humerus Lateral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Medial epicondyle Capitulum Lateral epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Ulna Head of radius Ulna Radius (c) Right elbow joint, posterior view (b) Right elbow joint, anterior view b-d: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel 15
16
Fig. 8.5 Radius and Ulna (anterior)
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Head Proximal radioulnar joint Neck Tuberosity of ulna Radial tuberosity Shaft Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Interosseous borders Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process Head Styloid process 16
17
(b) Right proximal radioulnar joint (c) Right distal radioulnar joint
Olecranon Fig Radioulnar joints Radial notch Distal end of ulna (lateral side) Head Distal end of radius (medial side) Proximal end of radius (medial side) Proximal end of ulna (lateral side) Styloid process Head of ulna Styloid process Ulnar notch (b) Right proximal radioulnar joint (c) Right distal radioulnar joint 17
18
Pronation vs. Supination
Pronation = facing down arm is pronated if palm is facing posteriorly Supination = facing up arm is supinated in anatomical position
19
d-f: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel
Fig. 8.5 (right) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Olecranon Head Head Proximal radioulnar joint Proximal radioulnar joint Neck Neck Radius Ulna Pollex Little finger Shaft Ulna Radius (d) Supination of right forearm Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Interosseous borders Radius Ulna Pollex Head Little finger Head Distal radioulnar joint Styloid processes Styloid processes (e) Pronation of right forearm (f) Right ulna and radius, posterior view d-f: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel 19
20
Carpal Bones Shy Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle III II IV
Distal phalanx of pollex (thumb) III II IV Proximal phalanx of pollex (thumb) V I carpals
21
Carpal Bones Shy Scaphoid Lovers Lunate Try Triquetrum Positions
That They Can’t Handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Distal phalanx of pollex (thumb) III II IV Proximal phalanx of pollex (thumb) V I carpals
22
Carpals Carpals Proximal phalanx of pollex (thumb) I V Metacarpals II
Fig. 8.6 Carpals Carpals Proximal phalanx of pollex (thumb) I V Metacarpals II III IV Distal phalanx of pollex Proximal phalanx Phalanges of digits Middle phalanx Distal phalanx 22
24
Anterior superior iliac spine Os coxae
Fig. 8.7 Pelvis Sacrum Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Os coxae Coccyx Sacroiliac joint Pelvic inlet Sacrum Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Os coxae Anterior inferior iliac spine Coccyx Acetabulum Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium Pubic symphysis Subpubic angle 24
25
Pelvis vs. Pelvic Girdle
os coxae, sacrum, coccyx & pubic symphysis Pelvic girdle 2 os coxae bones medial lateral
26
The Os Coxae or Coxal bone
ilium pubis ischium lateral view 3 fused bones ilium 2 parts: ala, body pubis ischium hip joint called acetabulum
27
The Os Coxae Major markings iliac crest
lateral view Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Major markings iliac crest anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) hip bone visible in front posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) often presents dimple at base of spine obturator foramen Posterior superior iliac spine
28
The Os Coxae Major markings anterior inferior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch ischial tuberosity Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity lateral view
29
The Os Coxae Major markings iliac fossa auricular surface
symphysial surface medial view
30
Fig. 8.10 Male vs. Female Pelvis
Sacral promontory Coccyx Pelvic inlet (space enclosed by pelvic brim) Pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis Pelvic outlet (b) Male Female 30
31
Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Acetabulum Pelvic inlet Head of femur
Fig. 8.8 Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Acetabulum Pelvic inlet Head of femur Neck of femur Greater trochanter Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pubic tubercle Pubic symphysis 31
32
Male Narrower and more vertical ilium Female Wider and more flared
Wide greater sciatic notch Narrow greater sciatic notch 32
33
Rectangular pubic body
Table 8.1c Male Narrower and more vertical ilium Triangular pubic body Large, oval obturator foramen Female Narrow subpubic angle Wider and more flared ilium Rectangular pubic body Triangular obturator foramen Wide subpubic angle 33
34
(b) Right femoral head, medial view (c) Right femur, inferior view
Greater trochanter Fig. 8.11a Femur Head Shaft Head Patellar surface Neck Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lesser trochanter Intercondylar fossa Shaft (b) Right femoral head, medial view (c) Right femur, inferior view 34
35
Femur Greater trochanter
36
Fig. 8.12 Base Articular surface Apex Anterior view Posterior view 36
37
fibular articular facet
38
Tibia Tibial tuberosity Lateral condyle Femur Patella
Intercondylar eminence Tibia Fibula Medial condyle (c) Right knee joint, anterior view (b) Proximal end of right tibia, superior view 38
39
Knee Joint Intercondylar fossa Intercondylar eminence Femur Femur
Patella Medial condyles Lateral condyles Fibula Tibia Tibial tuberosity Fibula Tibia (g) Right knee joint, lateral view (e) Right knee joint, posterior view Femur Medial condyles Lateral condyles Tibia Fibula (f) Radiograph, right knee joint, posterior view 39
42
Sesamoid bones BOTTOM of the foot Distal base of first metatarsal
43
The Talus Circus Calcaneus Needs Navicular More Medial cuneiform Interesting Intermediate cuneiform Little Lateral cuneiform Clowns Cuboid
44
(a) Right foot, medial view
Fig Foot Arches (a) Right foot, medial view Calcaneus Sesamoid bone Medial longitudinal arch First metatarsal Medial cuneiform Talus Navicular 44
45
Fig. 8.15 Foot Arches Cuboid (b) Right foot, lateral view Calcaneus
Lateral longitudinal arch Fifth metatarsal 45
46
Fig. 8.15 Foot Arches Metatarsal bones Intermediate cuneiform
(c) Right foot, distal row of tarsals and metatarsals Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Medial cuneiform Transverse arch 46
50
(congenital clubfoot) Pes cavus
Bunion Talipes equinovarus (congenital clubfoot) Pes cavus Metatarsal stress fractures Pes planus 50
51
Result of use of thalidomide for treatment of nausea during pregnancy
Radiograph of a child with phocomelia. Shortened flipperlike upper limb Result of use of thalidomide for treatment of nausea during pregnancy Restricted growth of blood vessels 51
Similar presentations
