1. Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

2. WHY CLASSIFY?
Biologists have identified and named about 1.5 million species so far.
There are still between 2 – 100 million additional species yet to be discovered!!!!
Over 400 species have been newly identified on Borneo Island since 1996
1,068 new species have been discovered in Southeast Asia's Greater Mekong River region in the last ten years

3. Probably the world's largest spider, Heteropoda maxima (above), has a colossal legspan of up to 12 inches
The medium-size spider Pseudopoda confusa, first documented in 2006 in northern Laos, is among 88 new spider species found in the Greater Mekong region between 1997 and 2007.

4. Able to shoot cyanide, this millipede is tough enough to wear pink
Able to shoot cyanide, this millipede is tough enough to wear pink. Far from a fashion statement, the animal's bright color probably warns predators of the millipede's toxicity.
December 15, Gumprecht's green pit viper is among at least 1,068 new species that have been discovered in Southeast Asia's Greater Mekong River region in the last ten years--an average of two a week.

5. Fluorescent purple toad discovered in South America
MORE PICTURES

6. Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar
Image from:
Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar
. . . are all names for same animal
By using a universally accepted scientific name,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism

7. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
copyright cmassengale

8. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
copyright cmassengale

9. TAXONOMY
In order to study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and groups organisms.
Written in italics, first word capital, second word lower case

10. LINNAEUS
In order to avoid confusion, scientists use a system developed by Carolus Linnaeus called binomial nomenclature.
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two- part name such as Homo sapiens (means people smart)

12. What’s in a name? Bald eagle Asterias rubens “Star red”
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
“sea eagle white headed”
Image from:
Asterias rubens
“Star red”
Image from:

13. Genus vs. species
In binomial nomenclature the first word refers to the genus which is a group of closely related species.
The second part of a scientific name is unique to each species within the genus.
For example the scientific name of a grizzly bear is Ursus arctos and polar bear is Ursus maritimus.

14. Linnaeus's System of Classification - hierarchical system includes 7 levels (taxa)
1. Kingdom - largest of taxonomic categories (6 kingdoms) 2. Phylum - the largest generally accepted groupings of animals and other living things are classified into phyla based on their internal organizations 3. Class - composed of similar orders 4. Order - composed of similar families 5. Family - groups of genus that share many characteristics 6. Genus - a group of closely related species 7. Species - consists of all the individual organisms of a natural population which are able to interbreed, generally sharing similar appearance, characteristics and genetics.

16. QUICK VIDEO

17. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo

18. QUICK REVIEW – USE CARDS
1. The branch of biology that names and groups organisms is ___
A. binomiology
B. taxonomy
C. palenotology
2. Which scientist developed the classification system used today?
A. Lamarck
B. Darwin
C. Linnaaeus
B: Taxonomy
C. Linnaeus

19. QUICK REVIEW
3. Are Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus part of the same genus or the same species?
A. genus
B. species
C. both
4. The seven taxa of Linnaeus’s System Classification are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, ____, Family, Genus, ___
A. species, order
B. order, group
C. order, species
5. Which is the LARGEST taxa?
A. Species B. Kingdom C. Phylum
A. Genus
C. Order, species
B. Kingdom

20. Answer 18.1 reading questions and then we will take notes on 18.2

22. 18-2 MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

23. Keep in mind…
In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________.
MATE
characteristics

24. Look at these 3 organisms:
BARNACLE
LIMPET
CRAB

25. and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006
Judging by
appearances you
would probably put
limpets and barnacles
together in a group
and crabs in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

26. Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
CRAB

27. Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.

28. Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
LIMPET SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

29. BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS

30. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification have given rise to the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent (phylogeny), not just physical similarities.

31. CLADISTICS
____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
= __________________
Derived characters

32. Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
= ________
cladogram

33. Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

34. Similarities in DNA and RNA
* The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.
1. Similar genes - diverse organisms have genes that code for the same proteins
2. DNA evidence - the more similar the DNA sequences of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

35. Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were
classified together in falcon family.
Storks were put in a separate family.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

36. American vultures have a peculiar behavior
American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

37. recent common ancestor
DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
recent common ancestor
African vulture American vulture Stork
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

38. MOLECULAR CLOCK
A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time two species have been evolving independently.
Over the course of millions of years, mutations may build up in any given stretch of DNA at a reliable rate.
For example, the gene that codes for the protein alpha-globin (a component of hemoglobin) experiences base changes at a rate of .56 changes per base pair per billion years (changes that affect the structure of the protein)
If this rate is reliable, the gene could be used as a molecular clock.
Fish with fingers

39. PRACTICE DICHOTOMOUS KEY
Look at ONE Norn
At a time and read
Through the key to
Determine which name
Fits it! B C

40. E D F

41. G H A

42. 18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
My Way or the Highway Categories that are used to organize an assortment of things should be valid. That is, they should be based on real information. However, categories should be useful, too. Suppose that you are taking a survey of traffic. You sit at the side of a busy intersection and record the vehicles you see in one hour. 1. What categories could you use to organize your count of vehicles? 2. Look at your list of categories. Are all of them equally useful? Is there more than one valid and useful way to organize living things?

43. As we discovered more about the natural world…
not all organisms fit into Linnaeus’s 2 kingdoms (_____ or _______)
plant
animal
fungi
bacteria
Ex: _________ _____
Images from:

44. _______________________ FIVE ORIGINAL KINGDOMS
(BACTERIA)

45. 6 KINGDOMS used today As we learned more about bacteria,
the __________ kingdom was split into TWO distinct kingdoms
___________ & ______________
MONERA
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
6 KINGDOMS used today
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

46. THREE-DOMAIN system Molecular analyses have given
rise to a ___________
_______ now recognized
= _______
new taxonomic
category
DOMAIN

47. Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the kind of
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Domains are larger than Kingdoms and
are based on the kind of
_______________ an organism has.
Ribosomal RNA

48. NEXT 2 SLIDES ARE REVIEW FROM PREVIOUS CHAPTERS…TRY TO REMEMBER…..

49. = ____________ (Includes bacteria)
REMEMBER
Cell without a nucleus
= ____________ (Includes bacteria)
Cell with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes = _________________
(includes plants and animals)
Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis =
______________
Organism that gets food energy from consuming other organisms = _____________
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
AUTOTROPH
HETEROTROPH

50. = _____________________
REMEMBER
A ONE-CELLED organism
= _____________________
Organism made of many cells
= ______________
Polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together which makes plants sturdy
= _________________
UNICELLULAR
MULTICELLULAR
CELLULOSE

51. DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA
_______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ Can be ______________ or _________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________
PROKARYOTES:
UNICELLULAR
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
E. coli, Streptococcus

52. DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA
PROKARYOTES:
_________________ Have cell walls _________ peptidoglycan Can be ______________ or __________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen
UNICELLULAR
WITHOUT
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
Halophiles; thermophiles;

53. THERMOPHILES HALOPHILES
Organisms that can live in HIGH temperature environments = ________________ Organisms that can live in high salt environments = ______________
THERMOPHILES
HALOPHILES

54. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE
_______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ and _____________ _________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________
EUKARYOTES:
MULTICELLULAR
CELLULOSE
CHLOROPLASTS
AUTOTROPHS
Mosses, ferns, trees,
flowering plants

55. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
_______________________ _____________________ ________________ or _______________ __________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________
EUKARYOTES:
MULTICELLULAR
NO CELL WALLS CHLOROPLASTS
HETEROTROPHS
Worms, insects, fish, birds,
mammals, humans

56. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI
_______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ _______________ __________________________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________
EUKARYOTES:
Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR
CHITIN
HETEROTROPHS- absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter
Mushrooms, yeast

57. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA
_______________________ ______________________ Some have cell walls with ________________ ____________________ Can be _____________ or _____________ EXAMPLES: _____________________
EUKARYOTES:
Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi
CELLULOSE
Some have chloroplasts
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
Amoeba; Paramecium;
Giant kelp; slime mold

58. Classification of Living Things
Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains
Section 18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
____________
Prokaryote
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
_____________
Autotroph or heterotroph
Methanogens, halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
__________________________
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
Eukaryote
______________________
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Eukarya
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
___________
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
____________
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eubacteria
Eukaryote
Cell walls
of chitin
Multicellular
Unicellular
Multicellular
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph

59. tetrahymena

60. Quick Review from Note Packet
1. The science that specializes in naming and classifying organisms is ______________________.
A. anatomy C. botany
B. Biology D. taxonomy
D. taxonomy
2. Solely from its name you can tell Rhizopus nigricans
must be ______________________.
A. in the genus Rhizopus
B. in the genus nigricans
C. in the species nigricans
D. in the species Rizopus
E. an animal

61. 3. A useful classification system __________________________.
A. gives each organism a unique name
B. shows evolutionary relationships
C. Uses different scientific names for the same organism
D. changes the taxon of an organism based on new data

62. 4. In classifying organisms, ORDERS are grouped together into _________________.
A. genera C. families
B. phyla D. classes
5. The largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the _________________.
A. order C. phylum
B. kingdom D. species

63. 6. The study of the evolutionary relationships
among organisms is called ___________________.
A. taxonomy
B. domainology
C. phylogeny
D. binomial nomenclature

64. 7. This diagram which shows the evolutionary
relationships among a group of
organisms is called a ________.
A. taxon C. binomial nomenclature
B. cladogram D. domain

65. 8. A unique trait that is used to construct a
cladogram showing evolutionary relationships
between organisms is called a
taxa C. derived character
molecular clock D. domains
9. Which of the following helped scientists to decide to
place barnacles in the same group as crabs even
though they look more like limpets?
A. limpets and barnacles have different larvae
B. crabs, limpets, and barnacles all live in water
C. limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails
D. barnacles and crabs both have jointed limbs,
segmented bodies, and an exoskeleton that molts

66. 10. American vultures look like other kinds of vultures, but DNA evidence suggests that are more
closely related to
A. eagles
B. falcons
C. limpets
D. storks
11. Which of the following tells how to write a
scientific name?
A. The genus name is always capitalized.
B. The species name is always capitalized.
C. The genus name is NOT capitalized.
D. The species name is NOT capitalized.
E. Both names are written in italics or underlined.

67. 18-3 Review Organisms that can make their own food using
chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are called ___________.
A. heterotrophic
B. autotrophic
2. Organisms whose cells have a nucleus
and organelles surrounded by membranes
are called ____________.
A. eukaryotes
B. prokaryotes

68. 3. Which category is LARGER and more inclusive
than a KINGDOM?
A. genus
B. class
C. phyla
D. domain
4. The Three-Domain system divides organisms
into groups based on similarities in their _______________.
A. taxons C. ribosomal RNA
B. DNA D. derived characters

69. 5. Thermophiles are organisms that can
live in __________________ environments.
A. high salt
B. high temperature
C. high oxygen
6. Which domain includes organisms from
more than one kingdom?
A. Prokarya
B. Archea
C. Eukarya

70. 7. NAME THE THREE DOMAINS in the
THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM:
_________________________ __________________________
__________________________
8. Name the SIX KINGDOMS used to classify
organisms:
__________________________ __________________________
________________________
__________________________ __________________________

71. E A B E E E BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA _____________________ PROTISTA
. MATCH EACH KINGDOM BELOW WITH ITS DOMAIN:
BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA
_____________________ PROTISTA
____________________ ARCHAEBACTERIA
_____________________ EUBACTERIA
_____________________ PLANTAE
_____________________ FUNGI
_____________________ ANIMALIA E A B E E E

72. Fungi _Eukarya 10. You have just discovered a new organism that
can’t make its own food, has a nucleus, and has
CHITIN in its cell wall. Tell the KINGDOM AND DOMAIN
you would place this organism in.
KINGDOM ___________________________________
DOMAIN _________________________________
11. Tell how the cell walls of Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria are different.
Archaebacteria ________________________________________________________________
Eubacteria ____________________________________________________________________
12. Tell one way plants differ from animals.
Plants ____________________________________________________________
Animals _______________________________________________
Fungi
_Eukarya

73. Now, do the rest of your packet
On your own