1. Gwanghwamun, City Hall Square, the Culture of Protest and Celebration
A Historical Analysis

2. A History of Gwanghwamun Square
Gyeongbok Palace was constructed in 1395
Gwanghwanmun
Main South Entrance Gate to the Palace
Three Gates
The Middle Gate for the King
The others for the subordinates
Offices of Six Ministries outside the Gate
Feng Shui Influence
Destroyed during the Japanese Invasion,

3. History

4. State and Society: The Changing Relationships
The Characteristics of “Developmental State”
Strong State—Weak Society
Strong State—Contentious Society
Strong State—Strong Society
Changing Ideological Orientations of Society
Emergence of Left-Leaning/Progressive NGOs
Conflicts between Conservative and Progressive NGOs

5. Growth of NGOs in Korea 1974: 1,034 1994: 2,181 1997: 4,000
1999: 7,600
2002:15,000
2003: 18,266
2006: 23,017
2011: 9, 913

6. Factors Affecting the Growth of NGOs
Limits of Governmental Roles
Democratization Movement
Citizen Rights and Awareness
Improved Educational Attainment
Growth of the Middle Class
Information Technology/SNS
Emerging Issues
Local and Community Issues
Government Support under Kim Dae-Jung and Roh Moo Hyun Administration
M.B. Lee Administration’s Policies
Park Geun-hye Administration’s Policies

7. Types and Agenda of NGOs
Civil
Social Service
Community
Environment
Education
Cultural
Labor
Women’s Right
Unification/Human Rights in North Korea
Farmers/Fishermen
International

8. Seven Periods Before 1987: Democratization Movement
: Transitional Growth
: Y.S. Kim and Civilian Government
: D.J. Kim and M.H. Roh/People and Participatory Government
: M.B. Lee Administration
: Park Geun-hye Administration
May 10, 2017-: Moon Jae-in Administration

9. Citizen Groups and Political Movement
Anti-American Citizen Groups
Candlelight Vigil for Hyosoon/Misun , 2002
Movement against Import of U.S. beef, 2008
Movement against the deployment of THAAD, 2017
Political Fan Clubs
Roh Moo-hyun Fan Club: “Roh Sa Mo”
Park Geun-hye Fan Club: “Park Sa Mo”
The Impeachment of President Park, October, 2016-March, 2017
For Impeachment: “Candlelight Vigil Group”
Against: “Taegugki Group”

10. The Legacy of 4.19 Student Revolution
The Student Revolution, April
The Kewangju Democratic Revolt, May 18, 1980
The Citizen’s Democratic Revolt, June 10, 1987
Anti-American Candlelight Vigil I (Hysoon and Misun Incident), June 13-November 25, 2002
Anti-American Candlelight Vigil II (A Protest against Importation of U.S. Produced Beef), May-June 2008
The Citizens’ Movement for the Impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, October, 2016-March, 2017

11. Recent Development in NGOs and Political Elections
A Declining Popularity of Major Political Parties: Causes and Consequences
Political Society vs. Civil Society
The Emergence of Ahn Cheol-soo and Park Won-soon, Civic Activists
The Seoul Mayoral Race and the Candidacy of Park Won-soon
Alliance between Democratic Party and Park Won-Soon
The Multi-Political Party System

12. The Culture of Celebration
Cultural and Social Values
“My” vs. “Our”
The Perspectives on “Happiness”
Individualism vs. Collectivism
“East” vs. “West”?
The Cheering Patterns at Sports Events
The Sociology of Collective Behavior

13. The Street Cheering for the 2002 FIFA World Cup
The Sociology of Soccer and the World Cup
Working Class Sport
Popularity of Soccer
Koreans’ Feeling of Status Inconsistency
Being a Host Nation
Korean National Team
General Manager Guus Hiddink
Urban Life Style and Alienation
Joy of Group Gathering and Sharing

14. Collective Behaviors at the City Hall Square
Role of Sports
Social Integration
Nationalism
Reversal of Interpersonal Relationships
Mechanical Solidarity
Organic Solidarity
Orderly Behaviors
Cleaning after the Cheering

15. Discussion
The Ideological Orientations of Citizen’s Organizations: Conservative vs. Progressive
Political Roles of NGOs: “Direct Democracy”?
Specialization of the Cause/Agenda
Funding Issues
The Internet, SNS, and Mobilization