1. Final Exam Review Packet

2. Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon
What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

3. Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.
Covalent= sharing of electrons
Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

4. 17 Carbohydrate Carbonyl Hydroxyl Monosaccharides
Structure of the Compound
Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell
Functional Group(s)
Monomers
-what do we call them?
-what are some examples?
Polymers
Carbohydrate
Carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Monosaccharides
-glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
Energy
Protein
Carboxyl
Amino
Amino Acid
-glycine
Polypeptide
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Structure of your body
Antibodies
Lipid
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Wax
Phospholipid
Steroids
Store Energy
Insulate the body
Protect the body
Nucleic Acid X
   
Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Store and Express the instructions for life 17

5. Question 4 Compound Monomer or polymer function Cellulose Carbohydrate
Cell wall stability/fiber
Polypeptide
Protein
Once folded it will be a protein
Polysaccharide
Complex sugar-Energy
Glycerol and fatty acid
Lipid
Monomers
Building blocks of fats
Starch
Complex sugar storage in plants
Phospholipid
Cell membrane
Glucose
Monomer
Energy storage for animals
Simple sugars
Carbohydrates
Quick energy

6. 5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Include which one makes bonds and which one breaks bonds, and also which one stores energy and which releases energy.
Hydrolysis adds water to a substance, which allows bonds to be broken. The previously bonded monomers bond with pieces of the H2O instead of each other. Dehydration Synthesis removes water from a substance and allows bonds to then be formed between monomers.

7. 6. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.O - + H

8. Question 7

9. 8. List definitions for the following terms: cohesion, hydrogen bond, non-polar
Cohesion- The tendency of water to stick to itself and form droplets due to hydrogen bonding Hydrogen Bond- A weak bond formed by a negative and positive charge, the positive charge being a hydrogen atom, attracting each other. Non-Polar- A molecule which is equally charged on both sides and does not hydrogen bond with itself.

10. 9. What is an example of an organic compound that is “non-polar”?
Oils and Fats are non-polar

11. 10. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale.
Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

12. 11. What is the function of enzymes
11. What is the function of enzymes? List some specific names of enzymes – what do the names have in common?
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
Amylase
Lactase
Ligase
Helicase
The names have the same –ase ending.

13. 12. Define a catalyst.
A catalyst is described as something that speeds up a reaction.

14. 13. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?
Temperature PH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

15. 14. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme?
All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

16. Question 15
Element= basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure
Molecule= multiple elements together.
Molecule is larger in comparison to the elements it is made of.