1. VOCABULARY – 2.8 Daily Vocab
VIGILANTES – people who take the law into their own hands
TRANSCONTINENTAL – extending across the continent (railroad)
NOMADIC – moving from place to place with no permanent home
RESERVATIONS – an area of public lands set aside for Native Americans
ASSEMBLY LINE – the production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as it passes before him/her
MASS PRODUCTION – the production of large quantities of goods using machinery

2. GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
Inventions improved the transportation and communication networks that were vital to the nation’s industrial growth

3. RAILROAD TECHNOLOGY George Westinghouse – devised air brakes
Improved trains stopping
Safer travels
Eli H. Janney – created car couplers (linking cars)
Gustavus Swift – developed refrigerated cars
Able to ship meat and other perishable goods
George M. Pullman – developed sleeping car
Luxury overnight journeys
Dining cars, new level of comfort
CREATE AN AD WITH WORDS TO ANNOUNCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULLMAN SLEEPING CAR

4. COMMUNICATION & INVENTIONS
Telegraph – Samuel Morse (1844) – operators transmitted messages using Morse Code
Typewriter – Christopher Sholes (1868)
Telephone – Alexander Bell (1876)
Phonograph – Thomas Edison (1877)
Light bulb – Thomas Edison (1879)
Box camera – George Eastman (1888)
Vacuum Cleaner – John Thurman (1899)

5. THOMAS EDISON Phonograph – 1877 Movie Camera Electrical Vote Recorder
Universal Stock Ticker – 1869
Incandescent Light Bulb
Carbon Microphone
Mimeograph
Dictating Machine
Alkaline Battery
Kinetoscope – 1889
Electric Pen – 1879
Talking Doll – 1890

6. HENRY FORD 1890s experimented with an automobile engine
1903 established auto making company designing cars
1908 – creates Model T
Assembly line – workers perform assigned task in order to produce automobiles faster
Mass Production – production of large quantities of goods using machinery and assembly line

7. OIL BUSINESS Oil rush in western PA
Uses: heat, light, lubricate machinery
John D. Rockefeller – fortune from oil
Standard Oil Company of Ohio- produced and used its own supplies (more efficient)
Horizontal integration – combining competing firms into one corporation
Rockefeller increased his control of the oil industry by creating a trust and a building a monopoly (the first)
Trust – a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, to reduce competition
Monopoly – total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

8. STEEL BUSINESS
Steel became big business esp. for railroads, bridges, and many other products
Henry Bessemer – new process creating cheaper more affordable steel
Pittsburg, PA steel capital of US
Andrew Carnegie, built a steel plant dominating the industry
Vertical integration – acquiring companies that provided the equipment/services needed
J. Pierpont Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company combining it with other businesses creating the first billion-dollar corporation

9. LABOR MOVEMENT
Working conditions in factories and mines were unhealthy
Sweatshops – a factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
Women workers were paid half of men’s wages for the same work
Child workers were exploited
Labor unions form to improve wages and working conditions
Collective bargaining – discussion b/w an employer and union representatives of workers over wages, hours, and working conditions
Labor union strikes sometimes resulted in violence

10. Review What inventions improved communication in the late 1800s?
What were 4 of Thomas Edison’s inventions?
What improvements in railway transportation were brought about by new technology?
How did horizontal integration differ from vertical integration?