1. The American Civil War
1861–1865
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2. The Leaders
Jefferson Davis was President of the Confederate States of America. During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the United States Army. Davis also had served as the United States Secretary of War. When the South surrendered, he was charged with treason and prohibited from running for public office again.
Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth President of the United States. He opposed the expansion of slavery. A Republican, Lincoln led the Union during the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
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3. The Generals Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
James E.B. Stuart
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4. "The Old Flag never touched the ground!"
Medal of Honor Winners
Phillip Bazaar
William Carney
He was the First African American to win the Congressional Medal of Honor.
At the battle of Fort Wagner he retrieved the American flag from a fallen comrade. He continued to charge the Southern controlled fortification even after being wounded.
"The Old Flag never touched the ground!"
He was the First American of Hispanic decent win the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Bazaar was a recent immigrant from Chile. The U.S.S Santiago de Cuba assaulted Fort Fisher he bravely assaulted the fort with 6 other sailors. He carried dispatches at the height of the battle.
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5. Strategies Anaconda Plan King Cotton CICERO © 2010
Union General Winfield Scott suggested the Anaconda Plan to halt Southern trade. The plan would impose a blockade. This would eventually enable the North to control the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, the army would divide and isolate sections of the South and capture its vital cities and the capital in Richmond, Virginia. Under General Ulysses S. Grant, the North’s strategy kept pressure on General Robert E. Lee’s army and constantly weakened their numbers. The larger population of the North made this possible.
King Cotton
The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy and attempted to secure alliances with more powerful countries such as Britain and France. To do that, the South needed to show it could win the war. As a result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies. As the war continued, the Southern strategy became one of evading the Union army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.
Be sure to explain the advantages of the Union and Confederacy. Be sure to explain women on the Homefront (taking over farms and factories).
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6. Major Battles of the Civil War
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7. Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South Carolina
The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Major Robert Anderson of the United States Army had moved his troops to the base because he feared a Confederate attack.
In the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Confederates launched an attack. Northern troops under Anderson’s command returned fire, but were ineffective. The Confederacy continued its attack with prolonged gunfire, and the Union troops in the fort surrendered a day later.
One Confederate soldier and four Union soldiers were killed in the battle.
The First Battle of the Civil War.
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8. First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
Virginia
First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
The First Battle of Bull Run took place on July 21, General Irvin McDowell led the Union army toward Richmond, Virginia. General P.G.T. Beauregard’s Confederate troops intercepted them. The battle lasted about five hours.
Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived. The reenergized Confederates pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area.
Union casualties were high, almost three thousand; and the Confederates suffered two thousand casualties.
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9. Antietam September 17, 1862 Maryland
The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 16–18, It was a confrontation between Union and Confederate forces under Generals George McClellan and Robert E. Lee. Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy; the combined casualties were more than twenty-three thousand.
The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to Antietam Creek, but the stubborn Confederate general counterattacked with all his troops. The two sides fought to a standstill, and both armies withdrew.
The Bloodiest day in American Military history.
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10. The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. It was part of a two-part plan that guaranteed freedom to slaves in the Union and some Confederate states.
The Confederate government claimed Lincoln could not issue laws over states in which he had no political control.
The first plan, enacted on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet rejoined the Union. The second part took effect on January 1, 1863, applying to specific states, but not to the border states such as Maryland and West Virginia.
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11. Vicksburg May 2-July 9, 1863 Mississippi
The North and the South considered Vicksburg an important stronghold. Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched massive assaults on Vicksburg and terrorized the inhabitants.
Federal troops pushed Confederate forces back as the size of the Union forces continued to increase. Confederate General John Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 3, 1863.
Turning Point in the West: The Confederacy was divided in two (Mississippi River.)
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12. Pennsylvania
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
The Battle of Gettysburg began as the Battle of Vicksburg was ending. Confederate General Lee forced federal troops, under General George C. Meade’s command, to lose ground as the Confederate forces attempted to take the city.
Lee planned several attacks, including attacks at Peach Orchard and Devil’s Den. The Union army fought back, repelling Confederate attacks and sending them back to Culp’s Hill. Lee was relentless and sent his army back into battle, but to no avail.
He eventually began a retreat toward Williamsport.
Turning Point in the West: The Union will never again invade the North.
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13. The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863
Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous speech on November 19, 1863, to a crowd gathered at the dedication of Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The speech contains only two hundred seventy-two words, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
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14. Sherman’s March to the Sea November 15-December 20, 1864
Union General William T. Sherman already had captured Atlanta, but he wanted to leave sixty thousand troops there while he marched the rest of his army to the Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia.
During this time, Confederate General John Hood had led troops in a raid on Tennessee, leaving Sherman’s soldiers to face fewer than five thousand Confederate soldiers. Sherman’s troops burned buildings and infrastructures along the way, destroying many towns and cities. Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted Confederate army and took Savannah on December 22, 1864.
As the Union army moved through the South, they destroyed train tracks by heating the rails and bending them into a bow. This became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”
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15. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
Virginia
Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, Lee’s army had diminished, which contributed to Union General Grant’s many victories near the end of the war. In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to keep his saber and horse.
General Joseph Johnston was the last Confederate general who continued to fight. He still believed that the South could win the war. Johnston’s troops eventually fell to federal troops, and he surrendered to General Sherman on April 26, 1865.
Final Event of the Civil War.
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