1. INHIBITORS OF RNA SYNTHESISBY
JAVARE GOWDA G N
Substance binds to the enzyme and decrees the enzyme activity.

2. INTRODUCTION
RNA polymerase ensures the transcription of the information contained in DNA from DNA to mRNA. The gene, fragment of DNA, is the informational unit. Transcription of DNA into mRNA is done in the presence of ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP through RNA-polymerase-DNA-dependent, which catalyzes the elongation of the chain. The activity of RNA polymerase is controlled by activator and repressor proteins.

3. Transcription
Transfer of nucleotide language of DNA to the nucleotide language of RNA, with the replacement of T by U.
The process been catalyzed by the enzyme DNA dependent RNA polymerase.

5. Functions and properties of RNA polymerase
Weiss et al in the year 1959
It searches the DNA for initiation site
It unwinds a DNA(just one turn) to produce single stranded DNA template.
It select the correct ribonucleotide triphosphate and catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bond
Molecular weight is
It has four subunit α, β, β1 and σ.
α, β, β1 constitutes the core enzyme.
σ has no catalytic function but helps in the recognition of initiation site.

6. In eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase
RNA Polymerase 1: It synthesizes precursors of rRNA .
RNA Polymerase 2: It synthesizes precursors of mRNA.
RNA Polymerase 3: It synthesizes precursors of tRNA .

7. INHIBITORS OF RNA SYNTHESIS
RNA synthesis(Transcription) involved in three steps
Chain initiation
Chain elongation
Termination
And only two compounds are involved synthesis the RNA molecule, namely DNA(Deoxy ribonucleic acid) and DNA dependent RNA polymerase(enzyme) also called RNA polymerase
Inhibitors of RNA synthesis can acts on only DNA and RNA polymerase.

8. Inhibitors of RNA synthesis mainly categorized into two types based on the compound involved in RNA synthesis
Type 1: Inhibitors interact with DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibit the RNA synthesis.
Type 2: Inhibitors interact with DNA(Deoxy ribonucleic acid) and inhibit the RNA synthesis.

9. Type 1: Inhibitors interact with DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibit the RNA synthesis.
The enzyme which transcribe DNA synthesizing RNA(DNA dependent RNA polymerase) have structural differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
In Prokaryotic cells(Streptolydigin and Rifamycin)
In Eukaryotic cells(α-amanitin)
α-amanitin
Rifamycin
Streptolydigin

10. 1.α-amanitin
It is a highly toxic, cyclic octopeptide, isolated from poisonus fungus Amanita phalloides (Mushrooms)
It is a member of Amatoxins
It is also called deathcap mushroom. . Division of basidiomycota. Widespread in europe.

11. Chemical formula is C39H54N10O14S
It also found in rats (0.1mg/kg )
It is potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase 2 in eukaryotes.
It doesn’t inhibit RNA Poly1 and RNA Poly3 of eukaryotes and Bacterial RNA polymerase.

12. Mechanism behind this antibiotic is formation of multiple stereospecific hydrogen bonds.
α-amanitin interacts with bridge helix in RNA polymerase 2.
The addition of α-amanitin can reduce the rate of RNA polymerase2, Transcribing on DNA from several thousands to few nucleotides per minute.
Binding of α-amanitin puts a constraint on its mobility, hence slowing down the translocation of the polymerase and the rate of synthesis of the RNA molecule
It occurs in elongation process of transcription.

13. 2.Rifamycin
Rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the organism Amycolatopsis rifamycinica or artificially.
Subclass of the larger family of ansamycins

14. Chemical formula is C43H58N4O12.
Rifamycins are particularly effective against mycobacteria, therefore used to treat tuberculosis, leprosy, and Mycobacterium ovium complex infections.
It was first isolated in 1957 from a fermentation culture of Streptomyces mediterranei by two scientist named Piero Sensi & Maria teresa timbal.

15. It is a inhibitor of RNA polymerase, specifically inhibits the initiation step of RNA synthesis and it is also called potent inhibitor of chain initiation.
It is a potent inhibitor of prokaryotic RNA polymerase and much work has been done to elucidate the mechanism of its action.
Chain elongation in the transcription reaction is not affected by this antibiotic, but a step of initiation are inhibited.
Trade NameRifamycinManufacturerBiochem PharmaceuticalUnit450mgTypeCapsule/ TabletQuantity10Price53.06

16. The antibacterial activity of rifamycins relies on the inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase, this is due to high affinity of rifamycins for the prokaryotic RNA polymerase
Rifamycins bound to RNA polymerase indicates that rifamycin blocks synthesis by causing strong steric clashes with the growing oligonucleotide.
If the rifamycin binds the polymerase after the chain extension process has started, no inhibition is observed on the biosythesis.
Rifamycin will not bind to eukaryotic RNA polymerase.

17. 3.Streptolydigin
Streptolydigin is an antibiotic that works by inhibiting chain elongation by binding to RNA polymerase, thus inhibiting RNA synthesis inside a cell.
Streptolydigin inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, but not eukaryotic RNA polymerase
It has antibacterial activity against a number of gram positive bacteria.
Streptolydigin

18. Only at high concentration of the drug is the initiation process affected, because the formation of the first phosphodiester bond is also inhibited.
Its chemical formula is C32H44N2O9.

19. Type 2: Inhibitors interact with DNA(Deoxy ribonucleic acid) and inhibit the RNA synthesis.
Below are the antibiotics interact with DNA and inhibit the RNA synthesis.
Actinomycin D
Chromomycin A3
Mithramycin A

20. 1.Actinomycin D
Actinomycin D is the most significant member of actinomycines, which are a class of polypeptide antitumor antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria of the genus streptomyces
It is one of the anticancer drug, and has been used for many years(1954).
Its chemical formula is C64H86N12O16.

21. Actinomycin D is chromopeptide with antibiotic activity.
It contains two cyclic peptides bound to the chromophoric phenoxazone ring.
It binds specifically to the minor groove of the DNA double helix, and thus prevents it from being a template for RNA synthesis.
Its ability to inhibit growth of rapid dividing cells makes it a effective agent in cancer treatment.

23. 2.Chromomycin A3 Chromomycin A3 is the Anthraquinone antibiotic.
Its chemical formula is C57H82O26.
Its soluble in ethanol and DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)
Chromomycin A3 binds to transcription factor SP1 & SP3 of DNA to inhibit RNA synthesis.

24. 3.Mithramycin A
Similar to chromomycin A3 in structure and mechanism of action.
Its chemical formula is C52H76O24.

25. Mithramycin A is a DNA-binding, anti-tumor and neuroprotective antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces plicatus.
Mithramycin A binds to GC rich DNA sequences, displacing Sp1 transcription factor binding to oncogene promoters, which inhibits their expression.

26. References Sobell.H.M 1985, Actinomycin and DNA transcription.
Meinhofer & Atherton Advantage and application of Microbiology PG no 16.
Goldberg.I.H &Friedman.P.A Annual review of Biochemistry volume 40.
Freidberg.C Current opinion in microbiology 7.
Robert.F.Weaver Molecular biology 4th edition.