1. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?

2. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents

3. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents
Surplus/Deficit Energy

4. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents
Surplus/Deficit Energy
Global Pressure Belts

5. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents
Surplus/Deficit Energy
Global Pressure Belts
Pressure Gradients

6. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents
Surplus/Deficit Energy
Global Pressure Belts
Pressure Gradients
Coriolis Effect

7. CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
CLIMATE?
Oceans/Continents
Surplus/Deficit Energy
Global Pressure Belts
Pressure Gradients
Coriolis Effect
Wind Direction

8. 90°N
CONTINENT
OCEAN
CONTINENT
90°S

9. 90°N
45° -
60°N
30°N 0°
30°S
45° -
60°S
90°S

10. SURPLUS/ DEFICIT Surplus 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0° 30°S 35°S 45° -

11. SURPLUS/ DEFICIT Deficit Surplus Deficit 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0°

12. PRESSURE BELTS ? Deficit Surplus Deficit 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0°

13. PRESSURE BELTS ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N

14. PRESSURE BELTS ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit HIGH LOW HIGH 90°N 45° -

15. ? PRESSURE BELTS ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N
45° -
60°N
LOW
35°N
30°N
HIGH
Surplus 0°
LOW
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
Deficit ?
90°S

16. Deficit Surplus Deficit
HIGH
90°N
Deficit
45° -
60°N
LOW
35°N
30°N
HIGH
Surplus 0°
LOW
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
Deficit
90°S
HIGH

17. OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N

18. OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus Deficit HIGH LOW HIGH
45° -
60°N
35°N ? ? ?
30°N
HIGH
LOW
Surplus
LOW
LOW 0° ? ? ?
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
Deficit
90°S

19. OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? HIGH HIGH ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW
45° -
60°N
LOW
35°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
Surplus
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S ?
LOW ? ?
Deficit
90°S

20. ? ? ? OCEAN/ LAND LOW HIGH HIGH LOW ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus
45° -
60°N
35°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
Surplus
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
Deficit ? ? ?
90°S

21. HIGH HIGH OCEAN/ LAND LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW Deficit
45° -
60°N
35°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
Surplus
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
Deficit
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

22. Pressure Gradient
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW

23. HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

24. HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N
45° -
60°N
CORIOLIS
EFFECT
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

25. HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH LOW LOW
45° -
60°N
Northern
Sub-Tropical
Anticyclone
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

26. HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

27. HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW
90°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
45° -
60°N
CORIOLIS
EFFECT
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

28. HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
Southern
Sub-Tropical
Anticyclone
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

29. HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

30. HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH
90°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
45° -
60°N
CORIOLIS
EFFECT
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

31. HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW
90°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

32. HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

33. HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW
90°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
45° -
60°N
CORIOLIS
EFFECT
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

34. HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH
90°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
Winds blowing represent the advection of energy in the form of Sensible Heat from the zone of Surplus to the zone of Deficit.
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
45° -
60°N
35°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°N
LOW
LOW
LOW 0°
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
35°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
90°S

35. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N
Winds blowing consistently in
one direction exert friction on the surface of the oceans and move waters in the same direction.
HIGH
LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
30°N 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

36. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux towards the poles.
Warm Surface Ocean Currents
HIGH
LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
30°N 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

37. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N
Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux) towards the poles.
Warm Surface Ocean Currents
HIGH
LOW
45° -
60°N
HIGH
30°N 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

38. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.
Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

39. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator.
Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

40. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
East Coast of continents 20-40°
Warm Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

41. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
West Coast of continents 20-40°
Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

42. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
East Coast of continents 50-70°
Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

43. HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N
West Coast of continents 50-70°
Warm Surface Ocean Currents 0°
HIGH
HIGH
30°S
45° -
60°S
LOW
HIGH
LOW
90°S

44. REALITY!

45. ATLANTIC EAST WEST COAST COAST Europe North America 23.5° Africa 0°
South
America
23.5°
Antarctica

46. ATLANTIC
EAST
COAST
WEST
COAST
Gulf
Stream
Canary
Current 0°
23.5°

47. Fig. 1 Distribution of plastic marine debris collected in 6136 surface plankton net tows on annually repeated cruise tracks from 1986 to 2008 in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, (2010)
Published by AAAS

48. Fig. 2 Average plastic concentration (color shading, units of pieces km-2) computed in 0.5{degrees} bins and smoothed with a 700-km width Gaussian filter
K. L. Law et al., Science 329, (2010)
Published by AAAS

49. ATLANTIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Gulf Stream Canary Current 0° Brazilian
Benguela
Current

50. ATLANTIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Labrador/ Greenland Current
North Atlantic
Drift
Gulf
Stream
Canary
Current 0°
Brazilian
Current
Benguela
Current

51. ATLANTIC WEST COAST EAST COAST Labrador/ Greenland Current
North Atlantic
Drift
Gulf
Stream
Canary
Current 0°
Brazilian
Current
Benguela
Current
At these latitudes there is no continent to contrast so winds circle globe
West Wind Drift

52. PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Asia North America South America
Australia
Antarctica

53. PACIFIC
EAST
COAST
WEST
COAST
Kuroshio
Current
California
Current

54. PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Kuroshio Current California Current
East Australian
Current
Chile/Peru
Humbolt
Current

55. PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Bering Current Alaskan Current Kuroshio
California
Current
East Australian
Current
Chile/Peru
Humbolt
Current

56. PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Bering Current Alaskan Current Kuroshio
California
Current
East Australian
Current
Chile/Peru
Humbolt
Current
West Wind Drift

57. 1992: 29,000 Rubber “Duckies” fall out of container on its way from Hong Kong to US.

58. 2011 Tsunami Debris

59. INDIAN
EAST
COAST
WEST
COAST
Asia
Africa
Australia
Antarctica

60. INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Agulhas/ Mozambique Current Western
Australian
Current

61. INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Agulhas/ Mozambique Current Western
Australian
Current
West Wind Drift

62. INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST
Too small an ocean basin north of the Equator to establish pattern. Currents driven by seasonal winds
Agulhas/ Mozambique
Current
Western
Australian
Current
West Wind Drift

63. ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
America
Africa
Australia H H H
Antarctica

64. ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones H H H

65. ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones H H H L L L L
Mid-Latitude Lows

66. ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN
Southern Sub-tropical Anticylcones H H H L L L L
West Wind
Drift
Mid-Latitude Lows

68. Paradox lost. Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS

69. Ozone is a greenhouse gas
Ozone is a greenhouse gas. Recent losses of ozone over Antarctica, may be cooling parts of the continent, thereby increasing High pressure. H
Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS

70. Potential global warming in the rest of the world appears to be pushing the position of the circumpolar winds poleward H
Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS

71. This has increased the pressure gradient, intensified winds and enhanced the circumpolar vortex.
Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS

72. Antarctic Peninsula showing signs of accelerated melting
Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool.
J Qiu Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS