1. Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 10, Lesson 3

2. The Era of Good Feeling
There was little to no political division after the war of 1812, creating a sense of national unity.
In the election of 1816, James Monroe (Republican Candidate) faced little to no opposition due to the weakened state of the Federalist party (barely existing at this point for having doubts of loyalty after the war)
Although the Federalist party had almost disappeared their programs gained support.
Remember Madison had called for tariffs to protect industries, a national bank, and other programs.
Era of Good Feelings – Period of years where political differences seemed to fade away (coined by a Boston News Paper)
Monroe was involved in national politics since the Revolution and with his dignity, Monroe represented a united America, free of political strife.

3. The Era of Good Feeling
Monroe also toured the nation (not done since Washington), paying his own expenses and if possible, without as escort.
Monroe arrives at Boston in 1817 (former Federalists stronghold) and is greeted by 40,000 well-wishers.
He visits former second president Adams and his wife.
Monroe did not think the demonstrations were for him personally but as a way of showing a “desire in the body of the people to show their attachment to the Union.” (writes this to Madison)
Two years later he continues his tour going as far south as Savannah and as far west as Detroit.
In 1820, he won reelection,, winning all but one electoral vote.

4. Sectionalism Grows
The Era of Good Feeling did not last long and ends with regional differences coming to light.
Most Americans felt fiercely loyal to the region where they lived.
Sectionalism – loyalty to the region where one lives.
They thought of themselves as Westerners, Northerners, and Southerners.
This loyalty became more intense as differences arose over national politics.
The conflict over slavery was one of the fierce topics between the North and the South.
White Southerners saw it as a necessity and valued it, stressing the importance of states’ rights (provided in the Constitution) on the issue.
The Northerners increasingly opposed it.

5. Sectionalism Grows
The different regions also disagreed on he need for tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.
Internal Improvements – Federal, state, and publically funded projects such as canals and roads, to develop the nation’s transportation system.

6. John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun – Planter from South Carolina.
He was one of the War Hawks seeking war against Britain in 1812.
Favored support for internal improvements, developing industries, and a national bank, believing it would benefit the South.
Around the 1820s his views change, and became a chief supporter of state sovereignty (Idea that states have autonomous [acting independently] power).
He becomes a strong opponent of nationalist programs such as high tariffs, arguing that tariffs raised the prices that they had to pay for manufactured goods they couldn’t make themselves.
Also said it protect inefficient manufacturers.

7. Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster – Elected to Congress to represent his native New Hampshire and later, Massachusetts in both House and Senate.
Began as a supporter of free trade and the shipping interest of New England.
Eventually was in favor of the Tariff of 1816 (protected American industries from foreign competition) and other policies he thought would make the nation stronger and help the North.
Was considered a great speaker, and spoke in defense of the nation as a whole against sectional interest.
Famously said, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”

8. Daniel Webster
Henry Clay – Also a leading War Hawk (from Kentucky), who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811.
He was interested in representing the Western states.
Was also a member of the delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent (ending the War of 1812)
He became known as a leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes through compromise.

9. The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise (March 1820) – Provided the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, also banning slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36º30’N Parallel.
In 1820, sectional issues rise over admitting new states into the Union.
The issue dealt with the South wanting Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, while Northerners wanted it to be free of slavery.
Henry Clay helped work out a compromise between the North and South.
This was debated across the country, and would result in it being a apart of national politics for decades.

11. The American System
Though Henry Clay was a spokesperson for the West, he believed his policies would benefit all sections of the nation.
In a speech he spoke of his program the “American System”
Included a protective tariff, program of internal improvements (especially roads and canals in order to stimulate trade), and a national bank to control inflation and to lend money to build developing industries.
He believed all three parts of his program would work together.
The Tariffs would give government money for roads and canals.
Healthy business could use their profits to buy goods from the South, and ship them northward using the new and efficient transportation system.

12. The American System
Former President Jefferson was amongst those who did not like it saying it would benefit the wealthy manufacturing class of New England.
Many Southerners agreed with Jefferson, seeing no benefit to the South from the tariff or internal improvements.
In the end, little of Clay’s system went into effect.
Congress adopted some internal improvement but not on the scale that Clay wanted.
The Congress has made the Second National Bank in 1816, but remained in controversy.

13. McCulloch v. Maryland
The Supreme Court is now also becoming involved in the sectional and states’ rights issues.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States.
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland could not tax the bank because it was a federal institution saying the federal government and Constitution receive its power from the people, not by way of the state.
Those who disagreed said that Congress could coin money (literal coins) but not paper money.
They also cited the Constitutional Convention voted not to give federal government the authority to charter corporations, including banks.

14. Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden – states could not interfere with Congressional power over interstate commerce.
This ruling made the national government more powerful.
People who supported states’ rights believed that the decisions increased federal power at the expense of state power.

15. Foreign Affairs
Many American realized hat the United States needed peace with Britain to grow and develop by putting its differences aside and establishing a new relationship.
In the years after the War of 1812, President Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, attempted resolve long standing issues with Great Britain and Spain.
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) – U.S. and Britain agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.
Provided for disarmament (the removal of weapons) along an important border between the U.S. and British Canada.
Convention 1818 – sets the border of the Louisiana Territory between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th Parallel.
Created a secure and demilitarized (border without armed forces)
Americans also gained the right to settle in the Oregon Country.

16. Relations with Spain
Spain owned East Florida and also claimed West Florida.
The U.S. contended that West Florida was apart of the Louisiana Purchase.
In 1810 and 1812, Americans simply added parts of West Florida to Louisiana and Mississippi.
Spain objected but took no action.
Andrew Jackson invades Spanish East Florida in 1818, taking control of two Spanish forts.
He was only instructed to stop Seminole raids on American territory from Florida and capturing the forts was going to far.
Luis de Onís – Spanish minister to the U.S., protested demanding that Jackson and his officers be punished,
Secretary of War Calhoun believed Jackson should be court-martialed (tried in military court) but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

17. Adams-Onís Treaty
Secretary of State Adams did no authorize Jackson’s raid but also acknowledged he did nothing to stop it.
Adams assumed that the Spanish did not want to go to war and that they might be ready to settle the Florida dispute.
The raid had demonstrated the military strength of the U.S.
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) – Gave East Florida to the U.S. and abandoned all claims to West Florida while the United States gave up its claim to Spanish Texas and took over responsibility for paying the $5 million that American citizens owed them for damages.
This was mostly due to the trouble between Mexico and South America involving rebellion.
The two countries also agreed on a border between the U.S. and Spanish possessions in the West.
The border was set northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific, granting the U.S. a large piece of territory in the Pacific Northwest making America a transcontinental power.

18. Latin American Republics
While the Spanish resolved territorial disputes with the U.S., they had faced issues with their empire.
Spain controlled a vast colonial empire that included southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and all of South America (except Brazil).
Miguel Hidalgo (Fall of 1810) – led a rebellion against the Spanish government of Mexico calling for racial equality and land redistribution.
The Spanish defeat the revolutionary forces and executed Hidalgo.
In 1821, Mexico gained its independence, but it did not bring social and economic change.

19. Bolívar and San Martín
South American independence came largely thanks to two men.
Simón Bolívar – known as “the liberator,” led a movement that won freedom for present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
José de San Martín – achieved independence for Chile and Peru.
By 1824, the revolutionaries’ military victory was complete and most of South America had liberated itself from Spain.
Portugal’s colony of Brazil gained its independence peacefully in 1822.
Spain’s empire shrunk to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and a handful of islands in the Caribbean.

20. The Monroe Doctrine
In 1822, Spain requested the assistance of France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (the Quadruple Alliance) to help fight off the revolutionary forces in South America.
Monroe didn’t like the idea of increased European involvement in North America and he took action.
The Monroe Doctrine (December 2, 1823) – statement issued by President Monroe stating that it would not interfere with any existing European colonies in America, but it would oppose any new ones.
North and South America “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.
In 1823, the U.S. did not have the military power to back the Monroe Doctrine.
Despite this, it became an important element in American foreign policy for more than 170 years.