1. Unit 11: Mental Illness and Therapies
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 11: Mental Illness and Therapies
Essential Task 11-1:Describe contemporary and historical conceptions of what constitutes psychological disorders, recognize the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as the primary reference for making diagnostic judgments with specific attention to five axis, and identify the positive and negative consequences of diagnostic labels (e.g., the Rosenhan study).
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Abnormal Psych: Disorders
Unit 11
Abnormal Psych:
Disorders
Mood
Anxiety
Personality
Schizophrenia
Childhood
Dissociative
Somatoform
History,
DSM

3. Treatment of Psychological Disorders Classical Operant
Unit 11:
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Biological
Treatments
Insight Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Psychoanalysis
Stress Inoculation
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Aversion Therapy
Behavior Contracting
Flooding
Systematic Desensitization
Client-Centered
Gestalt
Rational Emotive Therapy
Classical
Operant
Token Economy
We are here

4. Abnormal psychology
the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

5. What makes a Behavior a Mental Illness?
“The Five Ds”
Deviance – Different, extreme, unusual
Distress – Unpleasant & upsetting
Dysfunction – Causes interference with life
Disability – impairment of function
Danger – Poses risk of harm
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

6. Mental Disorders (APA 2012)
A behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual
That reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction
The consequences of which are clinically significant distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning)
Must not be merely an expectable response to common stressors and losses (for example, the loss of a loved one) or a culturally sanctioned response to a particular event (for example, trance states in religious rituals)
That is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society

7. National Institute of Mental Health Statistics
An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older — about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. Or 57.7 million people.
About 6 percent, or 1 in 17 —suffer from a serious mental illness.
In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada for ages
Nearly half (45 percent) of those with any mental disorder meet criteria for 2 or more disorders, with severity strongly related to comorbidity.
Most common disorders were anxiety, phobias, and mood disorders

8. Understanding Psychological Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
OBJECTIVE 2| Contrast the medical model of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial perspective on disordered behavior.
John W. Verano
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

9. Medical Perspective
Philippe Pinel ( ) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind.
George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago
Dance in the madhouse.

10. Models of the Causes of Psychological Disorders
Biological model
Physiological or biochemical basis
Psychoanalytic model
Disorders are the result of unconscious conflicts
Cognitive-Behavioral model
Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving and thinking
Diathesis-Stress model
Biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress

11. Systems theory Biopsychosocial Model
Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

12. Medical Approach
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders.
Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder.
Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.
Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.
Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.
The most recent edition, DSM-V (2013)
Goals:
Describe disorders.
Determine how prevalent the disorder is.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV.

14. DSM-V: Sections
DSM III & IV’s multiaxial classification has been removed!
Introduction – explains the chapter organization and changes from the previous edition
Diagnostic categories(criteria) and their codes
22 Major categories of mental disorders
Includes conditions that need additional research, a glossary of terms, and other important information.
What used to be AXIS I, II, III are now included in the Section II

15. DSM-5: Categories of mental disorders:
Neurodevelopmetal disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
Depressive disorders
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
Dissociative disorders
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Personality disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
Sleepwalking disorders
We are not going to learn all 22. We are going to learn just a few. But it is still A LOT within the two week period.

16. DSM-5: Categories of mental disorders:
Gender dysphoria
Elimination disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Disruptive, impulsive control, and conduct disorders
Substance related and addictive disorders
Neurocognitive disorders
Paraphilic disorders
Other mental disorder
Medication-induced movement disorders
Other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention
Substance related and addictive disorders (is addiction a mental disorder – yes one of the most common)
Cannabis dependence
Amphetamine dependence (or amphetamine-like)
Hallucinogen dependence's

17. Diagnostic Labeling
Critics of the DSM argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.
Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy.
Labeling a person can be disabling, we might not see Helen as a person who is suffering from schizophrenia, but instead she is a schizophrenic. The label can engulf and identity. And it can be damaging.
Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and
N. Tomes, Madness in America, Cornell University Press.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)

18. Diagnostic Labeling
3. Rosenhan study - "On being sane in insane places“
healthy associates or "pseudopatients" (including Rosenhan) pretended to have hallucinations (symptom of Schizophrenia) to see if they would be admitted to psychiatric hospitals
Once admitted, the pseudopatients stopped pretending and asked if they could leave. All were forced to admit they had a mental disorder and they were told to take anti-psychotic mediations upon release.
Round 2! Hospitals challenged Rosenhan to try again, and they would detect the pseudopatient. The hospitals identified 41/193 potential suspects. However, Rosenhan had not sent any!
Admitted to all 12 locations in five different states!

19. Diagnostic Labeling
4. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes.
Elaine Thompson/ AP Photo
Theodore Kaczynski
(Unabomber)

20. Disorders outlined by DSM are reliable
Disorders outlined by DSM are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.
Others criticize DSM for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”