1. Conclusions
We are far from understanding the influence of spatial, temporal and functional scale
What are functional scales?
Why are results counterintuitive?
Do emergent properties exist?
Our representation in models and scenarios is a caricature a best
Why is space square?
Why are case studies watersheds?

2. The way ahead Improve existing techniques Combine existing techniques
Develop new integrating concepts

3. Multi-scale participatory scenarios
Improve and combine:
Using ‘reduced form’ models
Multi-scale participatory scenarios E S I
Local
Regional
National

4. The modelling toolbox Economic Ecological Social Institutional Farmer
decisions
Market
behaviour
Income
Prices
Ecological
Climate
change
Crop
growth
Natural
vegetation
Institutional EU
National
government
NGOs
Social
well-being
Cultural
changes
Migration

5. Multi-scale participatory scenarios
Combination with toolbox information
Multi-scale participatory scenarios
Local E S I
Regional E S I
National
Theory

6. Integrating Concepts Lemniscate (Resilience Alliance)
Transition curve (IA)

7. Panarchy (Gunderson & Holling, 2002)

8. Transition curve (Rotmans)
Indicator
Stabilisation
Acceleration
Take-off
Predevelopment
Time

9. Proposed solutions
Wilbanks: Theoretical understanding of cross-scale dynamics
Giampietro: Complex time
Easterling: Self-organisation and resilience
Rotmans: Transition management for sustainable development

10. Discussion points Does scale really matter? -- It is but common sense
It will never be solved -- The scale-problem is too complicated