1. Biology Journal 12/4/2014
What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient? Why are they both “nutrients”?
Left: a consumer-guide to healthy or “essential” nutrients. This definition may differ from the biological definition of essential nutrient.

2. What is bilirubin? What does it have to do with jaundice?
Biology Journal 1/13/2017
What is bilirubin? What does it have to do with jaundice?
Bilirubin is a protein-part that is left from the breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes (liver cells).
When it isn’t broken down, this yellow pigment builds up in the body, leading the yellowish discoloration that comes with jaundice.

3. Whiteboard Review

4. Make a drawing of the digestive tract. Label 8 structures.

5. Stomach
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus

6. Important Organs of the Human Digestive System
mouth
esophagus
stomach
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

7. 1. What is the word for red blood cells?
2. What is the word for the liver cells that break down red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
Kupffer Cells
(in the liver)

8. When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the ______ releases a hormone called ______ in order to store the extra sugar in the ______. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the ______ releases a hormone called ______, which causes sugar to be released by the _____.

9. When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin in order to store the extra sugar in the liver. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon which causes sugar to be released by the liver.

10. What is the function of the large intestine?
The large intestine removes water from previously digested food. It does not absorb any nutrients. This already happens due to the small intestine.

11. Disorder associated with it
Complete the table…
Nutrient
Disorder associated with it 1
Vitamin D 2
Vitamin C 3
Phosphorous 4
Phenylalanine 5
Calcium 6
Calories 7
Cholesterol

12. Lack of it causes this disorder(s)
Nutrient
Lack of it causes this disorder(s) 1
Vitamin D
Rickets (if young), Osteomalacia (if old) 2
Vitamin C
Scurvy 3
Phosphorous 4
Phenylalanine
Phenylketonuria (PKU) 5
Calcium 6
Calories
Anorexia 7
Cholesterol
Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension

13. What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is the involuntary contractions of the muscles surrounding the digestive tract. They keep food moving through like a tube of toothpaste.

14. Enzyme Substrate Product
What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes?
Enzyme
Substrate
Product

15. Enzyme Substrate Product
What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes?
Enzyme
Substrate
Product
Amylase
Endopeptidase
Lipase

16. Enzyme Substrate Product
What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes?
Enzyme
Substrate
Product
Amylase
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Endopeptidase
Proteins
Amino Acids
Lipase
Lipids
(polyglycerides)
Smaller Lipids
(monoglycerides)

17. What makes something a dietary mineral as opposed to a vitamin?
Minerals are elements. They are single atoms or ions.
Vitamins are large, complex, organic molecules.

18. → Shown is a chemical reaction. Name the reactants and the products.
Dipeptide → 2 monopeptides
Would H2O be a reactant or product?
H2O would be a reactant. It gets broken down.
What are some terms that would describe the type of chemical reaction?
Hydrolysis and Catabolism
What would be an enzyme that speeds up this reaction?
Endopeptidase!

19. Shown is a transverse micrograph of the small intestine
Shown is a transverse micrograph of the small intestine. Annotate these parts 1 2 3 4 5

20. Villus Epithelial Layer Mucosa Muscle Exocrine Gland
Increases surface area
Epithelial Layer
outermost absorptive layer
“epi” = top
Mucosa
it’s dense in blood vessels to transport nutrients
Muscle
circular and longitudinal muscle
that does peristalsis
Exocrine Gland
Creates and releases hydrolytic enzymes

21. Fiber is cellulose. We cannot break it down. It is good because:
What is dietary fiber? Why is it good for you?
Fiber is cellulose. We cannot break it down. It is good because:
It can reduce calories in the diet
It increases absorption of other nutrients
It decreases other digestive system diseases

22. What could be 3 things that cause the disease jaundice?
Hepatitis (liver damage caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune)
Infancy (a baby’s liver isn’t fully functioning, or isn’t properly absorbing food, or has high erythrocyte turnover)
Chronic alcohol or drug abuse (damages the liver)
Liver cancer
Blocked bile duct (possibly from gall stones)

23. It is a nonessential nutrient (your body can make it)
State everything you know about cholesterol.
It is a nonessential nutrient (your body can make it)
It is a vital part of cell membranes
Too much cholesterol is correlated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type II diabetes.

24. State everything you know about vitamin D.
It can only be made when skin is exposed to sunlight
Vitamin D is used in the absorption of the minerals calcium and potassium
Lack of vitamin D causes rickets and osteomalacia

25. What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient?
You body cannot make essential nutrients. They must be obtained from your diet.
Your body can make nonessential nutrients.
Both are molecules that the body can’t live without.

26. It’s essential (you’re body can’t make it, it has to eat it)
State everything you know about vitamin C.
AKA vitamin C
It’s essential (you’re body can’t make it, it has to eat it)
Lack of it causes scurvy (yar!)
It is a vitamin, so it is an organic molecule.

28. Glucose levels are regulated Lipid levels are regulated
Blood enters the liver, right after going where?
How does the liver change the blood?
The blood goes to the small intestine, and absorbs any nutrients available, then goes to the liver.
The liver alters the concentration of many chemicals in the blood to maintain homeostasis.
Glucose levels are regulated
Lipid levels are regulated
Toxins are removed

29. What are these cells called? What do they do?
Phagocytic Kupffer cells do phagocytosis (engulf other cells) on old and dead red blood cells (mostly). They the recycle the iron and heme.