1. Carbohydrates and Lipids
Isomers
Mono-, Di- and Polysaccharides
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

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3. Organic Molecules Carbohydrates

4. Carbohydrates and Lipids
Although carbohydrates and lipids can be quite large, they are relatively simple biochemical molecules.
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Although simple in structure, however, they perform many complex functions in cells.

5. Carbohydrates Among the most common organic material on Earth
Millions of tonnes are produced by plants and algae every year through photosynthesis
Cellulose – plant cell wall

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7. Chemistry of Carbohydrates
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Empirical formula is (CH2O)n or CnH2nOn where n represents the number of carbon atoms
Includes many isomers (compounds that have the same ………………………………

8. Isomers C6H12O6 ___________
For example, humans can easily digest starches composed of α-glucose. However, cellulose, assembled from b-glucose, is completely indigestible for humans.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers of each other. H
C6H12O6

9. What are Carbohydrates used for?
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This is why some athletes carb-load before an event
Other uses: Building material, cell surface ……………………………..

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11. Monosaccharide's
Glucose - "Blood sugar" is the immediate ……………………………..
Galactose – Not normally found in nature but is “created” from milk sugar or from altered glucose by the body.
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12. Disaccharides
Sugars containing two simple sugars (monosaccharide's) attached to one another via dehydration ……………………………..
A little harder for the body to break down  takes longer
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14. Complex Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Monosaccharide polymers composed of several hundred ……………………………..
Used for energy storage and as structural support and components of cells
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16. Examples of Polysaccharides - structural components

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18. Lipids Hydrophobic molecules (don’t dissolve in water)
Composed of ……………………………..
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Makes them insoluble in water but soluble in other non-polar substances (e.g. grease, etc.)
……………………………..

19. Uses: ___________ Building material - structural (cell membrane)
Chemical signaling
Insulation- nerve cell, body
Shock absorber
……………………………..
Store about 2x more energy than carbohydrates

20. 1) Fatty Acids
A fatty acid consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with ……………………………..

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22. Fatty acids with one double bond are monounsaturated, and those with more than one double bond are polyunsaturated.
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23. Double Bonds
Double bonds do not always create a kink.
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25. Like individual fatty acids, triglycerides generally become less fluid as the length of their fatty acid chain increases.
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The more saturated fats, such as butter, ……………………………..

26. 3) Phospholipids
Consist of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group
Creates a polar head and a non-polar tail
When added to water the hydrophobic regions will group together
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29. 4) Sterols Four fused hydrocarbon rings  hydrophobic E.g. Cholesterol
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Can be converted into vitamin D (bones and teeth) and bile salts (digestion of fats in the small Intestine)
E.g. ……………………………..

30. 5) Waxes
Waxes are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings.
……………………………..
Used as a flexible waterproof coatings on various plant and animal parts. ________
Birds secrete a waxy material that helps to keep their feathers dry. Bees produce beeswax to make their honeycombs.

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