1. Unit Plants

2. Kingdom Plante Characteristics of plants: eukaryotic cells
gymnosperms
Characteristics of plants:
eukaryotic cells
multi-celluar
carry out photosynthesis
cell walls contain cellulose
develop from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant
angiosperms
ferns
mosses

3. Uses of Plants
Plants are used by human beings in innumerable ways. Clockwise from top left: coffee beans, sisal plant used to make ropes and mats, rice field, foxglove used to make the heart medicine digitalis, cotton, logging truck for timber or pulp, tomato plant, henna tattoo, rose, tobacco plant, rubber tree

4. (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts):
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms [conifers], and angiosperms [flowering plants]):
contain conducting tissues to transport materials
can grow much taller due to ability to conduct water
can reproduce by spores (ferns) or seeds (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
~ species
(mosses, liverworts, and hornworts):
lack true roots, stems, and leaves
grow in dense mats in moist environments
grow on soil, rock, or dead trees
~ species

5. Angiospermae are a division (or phylum) of plants that produce flowers as part of their reproductive process. These plants vary widely in size and shape but all have a set of distinctive features.

6. Why Are They So Successful?
approximately known species
all have flowers
produce fruit
may be fleshy or dry
most recently evolved
youngest
flowers allow for easy gamete transfer
ovules are well protected
seeds are well protected & nourished
variety of seed dispersal methods

7. MONOCOTS vascular bundles are scattered throughout stem
produce one seed leaf
flower parts in multiples of three
have narrow leaves with parallel veins
fibrous root system

8. DICOTS vascular bundles in a ring pattern in stem two seed leaves
flower parts in multiples of four or five
broad leaves with branching veins
tap root system

9. Roots anchor plants to ground absorb water and minerals from the soil
transport materials upwards to the rest of plant
storage of food (e.g. starch) made in stems and leaves
Root hairs enormously increase the surface area of a root. The greater the surface area, the more fluid absorption can occur. Shown here are root hairs on the taproot of a sweetcorn plant.

10. tap roots reach deep into the ground for water (e. g
tap roots reach deep into the ground for water (e.g. carrot, dandelion)
fibrous roots spread out extensively and help hold the soil in place (e.g. wheat, grasses)
adventitious roots help support a plant (e.g. corn, ivy)

11. epidermis
endodermis
cortex
xylem
phloem

12. Epidermis
The outer protective layer of the root
Root Hairs
Modified epidermis that is the site of water & mineral absorbance
A storage layer in the root with large starch-filled cells
Cortex
Endodermis
Minerals must be actively transported to pass through this layer and water follows by osmosis
Casparian Strip
A waxy substance that prevents water from passing between endodermis cells

13. Vascular cylindar
Xylem
Transports water and minerals upwards
Transports sugars [with some water] downwards
Phloem

14. Monocot Roots large vascular cylinder in center
ring pattern of xylem (large openings) and phloem tissue surrounded by endodermis
vascular cylinder surrounded by fairly thick cortex
fibrous root system

15. Dicot Roots small vascular cylinder in center;
large openings are xylem tissue surrounded by smaller phloem cells in a ‘star’-shaped pattern
very thick cortex
tap root system