1. Botany = the study of plants

2. Plant Cell Review

3. Plant Cells and Functions

4. Plant Evolution Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA
All early plants were heavily dependent on water.
Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA
(billion years ago)
Algae – around 750 MYA to 1 BYA
(million years ago)
Mosses and ferns
Earliest relatives
Cooksonia – 470 MYA

5. Nonvascular plants
have no vessels, no roots, no stems or leaves. Examples: Mosses & Liverworts

6. Plant Adaptations to Land
As plants became larger and moved farther inland they had to adapt.
Cuticle: A waxy outer covering that prevents water loss and provides protection
Stomata: Openings on leaves that allow gas exchange; CO2 in and O2 out
Reproduction: Spores vs. Seeds
Vascular Tissue: Transport tissues; move water and nutrients to all parts of a plant

7. Vascular Tissue Xylem: transports water up
Phloem: transports food & nutrients down

8. Xylem
Phloem

9. Seedless Vascular plants
have simple vessels, roots, stems and leaves but still reproduce using spores
Examples: Club Mosses & Ferns

10. Seed Vascular plants
have vessels, roots, stems and leaves. Reproduce using seeds.
Examples: trees, bushes, flowers, grass

11. Parts of the Plant Roots
water and minerals are absorbed (taproots vs fibrous roots)
also used to anchor the plant
movement of water up to leaves is influenced by TRANSPIRATION, a process that moves water upwards

13. Stem Support plant transports water and nutrients
Turgor pressure: the pressure inside a cell that is exerted by water
Two types of stems: herbaceous and woody

14. A celery stalk soaked in food coloring will absorb the food coloring, you can see the xylem.

15. Leaves
Where photosynthesis takes place; more specifically in the chloroplast
Photosynthesis Equation:

16. Leaf Structure

17. Leaf Modification
1. Spines:
2. Color:
3. Shape:

18. How Plants Grow
Germination occurs when a seed sprouts (usually caused by changes of temperature and moisture)
Monocots have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon), Dicots have 2 seed leaves

19. Perennials - live several years, and reproduce many times, woody plants are perennials
Annuals - a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season (grows, flowers, reproduces and then dies)
Biennials - takes two growing seasons to complete, it reproduces in the second growing season

20. PRIMARY GROWTH makes a plant taller at roots and stems; meristematic tissue
SECONDARY GROWTH makes a plant wider, or adds woody tissue; vasular cambium tissue

21. Tree Rings tell the age of a tree, each ring represents a growing season. The photo shows a tree who has been through four growing seasons. The lighter thinner rings are winter periods.
VASCULAR CAMBIUM: area of the tree that makes more xylem and phloem and forms the annual rings

22. Gymnosperms -"naked seeds" -cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones)
-needle like leaves
-usually stay green year round
-wind pollinated
Examples: pine trees & evergreens

23. Angiosperms -flowering plants -seeds are enclosed in a fruit
-most are pollinated by birds & bees
-have finite growing seasons
Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions

24. Flowering Plants are divided into two main groups:

25. Monocots

26. Dicots

27. Flower
/Pistil

28. Plant Reproduction
Pollen is produced by the stamen, which is carried by wind or pollinators to the stigma of another flower.
Once the ovules are fertilized, they develop into seeds and the ovary of the flower becomes the FRUIT

30. Pollen Grains
Pollen contains plant sperm, and fills the air during the springtime, which often causes seasonal allergies.

31. Asexual Reproduction
Many plants can make clones of themselves; this is called VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

32. Plant Hormones
Auxin – makes roots form and buds grow, important in phototrophic responses;
also effects when fruit are dropped from a plant
Gibberellin – growth hormone; effects height of the plant, seed growth, and stimulates cell division
Ethylene – gaseous hormone; effects rippening of fruit
Cytokines – effects the rate of cell division; influenced by presence of auxins

33. Plant Responses
Nastic Response – a response that causes movement but is independ of the direction of the stimulus
Ex: flowers opening and closing from day to night to conserve heat; Mimosa plant responds to touch

34. Plant Responses
Tropic Response – a plants growth response to a stimuli
(A positive response is towards the stimulus.)
(copy the information from Table 4 into your notes)