1. Criminology Corrections Lessons 9 and 10
Stankiewicz

2. Criminology Corrections Essential Questions
What are the historical overview and purposes of Criminal Corrections in the US?
What are the trends of use for incarceration in the US?
What are the common types of incarceration facilities in the US?
What are some of the characteristics and issues related to the incarcerated in the US?
What are some procedures that institutions employ to maintain security and order in confinement facilities?

3. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 1
European background
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In US until 1800s

4. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 2
Before 1600s institutional corrections (putting behind bars) was used mainly for:
________________________________________________
Holding prisoners awaiting sentencing; such as death
_______________________________________________
Punishing slaves
Quarantining diseased persons

5. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 3
Before modern incarceration
Basic goal:
_______________________
Punishments in public

6. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 4
Today’s purpose of incarceration:
Change the offender’s character
______________________________________________

7. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 5
Forerunner (before) incarceration
__________________________________________
Transportation to colonies
Workhouses
________________________________
___________________________________

8. Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 6
_______________________________________________
Three early reformers:
Cesare Beccaria ( )
John Howard ( )
Jeremy Bentham ( )

9. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) Wrote: On Crimes and Punishment (1764)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Punishments must fit crimes
Punishments must be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure of committing the crime

10. John Howard (1726-1790) Wrote: The State of Prisons in England (1777)
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Appalled by overcrowding, poor living conditions and abusive practices

11. John Howard (Continued)
Stated that penal systems must be safe and orderly
Incarceration should do more than just punish offender
________________________________________________

12. John Howard (Continued)
Howard proposed:
Prisons should have an orderly routine
_____________________________________________
Hard work
_________________________________________
Think about what offender did wrong (penance)
Used the term “______________________________” for prisons

13. Jeremy Bentham ( )
Remembered for his idea that reform and order could be achieved in prison through architectural design
________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Penology and Panopticon Design definitions
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Panopticon Design
_____________________consisting of a round building with tiers of cells lining the inner circumference and facing a central inspection tower

15. Panopticon Design

16. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 1
Colonial America
Penal practices loose, decentralized & unsystematic
Often retaliation against wrong doing
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Local jails scattered about
Holding tanks mostly until other disposition

17. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 2
William Penn (Prison Reformer)
Founder of Pennsylvania and Quaker
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ideas were largely ignored because Colonial America had no centralized penal system

18. US developments in penology
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 3
US developments in penology
______________________________________________
Reformatory Movement
20th century Prison characteristics

19. Penitentiary Movement - 1
Penance for crimes
________________________________________________
During sentence for crime:
Inmates labor in solitary confinement
_______________________________________________

20. Two Systems within the Penitentiary Movement
_______________________________________________
Auburn System
Competing systems of confinement

21. Pennsylvania System
Sometimes called the __________________________________________
Inmates are kept in solitary cells so they could study religious writing, reflect on their misdeeds, and perform _____________________

22. Auburn System Named after Auburn (NY) Penitentiary
_______________________________________________
Inmates worked and ate together in silence during the day and were placed in solitary confinement at night
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

23. Auburn System - 2
____________________________________________________________________________________
Allowed inmates to be housed in smaller cells
Allowed factory like production
____________________

24. Both systems Few signs that penitentiaries were deterring crime
______________________________________________
Reforming criminals?
Little evidence of this
Prisons were actually costing more
Lead to a reform movement in Penitentiary System

25. Reformatory Movements
Started about 1870 at meeting of National Prison Association
New type of institution designed
________________________________________________

26. The Reformatory Less hardened criminals housed in it
16 – 30 years old
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Emphasized academics and vocational training

27. Elmira (NY) Reformatory Exercise Yard

28. The Reformatory - 2 _______________________________________________
Recorded inmates progress toward rehabilitation
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

29. The Reformatory - 3
Changed sentencing from “determinate sentences” to “indeterminate sentences”
___________________________________________
Exact years for crime
Example 10 years for robbery
_______________________________________________
Range of years for crime
Example 5 to 12 for robbery

30. The Reformatory - 4
Officials observed that indeterminate sentences and probability of parole facilitated greater control over inmates than determinate sentences
Inmates will cooperate if they can get out earlier
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________

31. Institutions for Women - 1
Until reform age women go to men’s prisons but are segregated
1st Women’s prison 1873

32. Institutions for Women - 2
Most had cottages or campus facilities as opposed to cell blocks
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Not like that now

33. Women feeding chickens at the Indiana Women’s Prison

34. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 20th Century Prisons
Three types of Institutions emerged in the 20th Century
_______________________________________________
Correctional Institution/Medical Model
Contemporary Violent Prison

35. Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one – two man cells
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Big House
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one – two man cells
Average Big House held 2500 men
s most popular

36. The Big House - 2

37. The Big House - 3
Sing Sing prison in NY

38. The Big House - 4
Alcatraz
Closed 1963

39. The Big House - 5 Not new prisons
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Warehouses oriented toward custody and control of inmates

40. The Big House - 6
Maine state prison in Thomaston, Maine

41. The Big House - 7
Exploited inmate labor (according to text) through various links to local free market economy
North
_____________________________________________
South
______________________________________________

42. Angola (LA) State Prison
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Prison Farms
Popular in South
Angola (LA) State Prison

43. Correctional Institution/Medical Model 1940s – on
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US s onward
Correctional Institution/Medical Model
1940s – on
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Did not replace the “Big House”
Simply supplemented them
Developed into the medical model

44. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Correctional Institutions
Windham Correctional Center, Windham Maine

45. Theory of institutional corrections Popular 1940-50s
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Medical Model -1
Theory of institutional corrections
Popular s
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

46. The Medical Model - 2
Shortly after sentencing, inmates are given psychological assessment and diagnosis
Treatment based on this to rehabilitate offender
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47. The Medical Model - 3
After institutional treatment comes parole (if successful)
Follow-up treatment in community
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Book contends this is not used today. Unsure if book is correct

48. Contemporary Violent Prison arose Many treatment programs gone
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Contemporary Violent Prison
Book contends by 1960s effectiveness of coerced prison programming was challenged
Contemporary Violent Prison arose
Many treatment programs gone
Power vacuum in prison rose
_______________________________________________
Prison is crime school; no rehabilitation

49. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Privatization of Corrections - 1
_______________________________________________
Government looks for alternatives to traditional incarceration

50. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Privatization of Corrections - 2
Insolvent of the private sector in construction of prisons is big money
Can private enterprise do the corrections job cheaper and more efficiently
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

51. Privatization Advantages (According to text)
Private facilities open more quickly than public facilities
Construction costs are less to the taxpayer
Operations are more effective cost wise
______________________
Correctional services delivered by private correction firms are more cost effective
Less legal liability for the government if private firm does job
Changes are made faster in private sector than public
____________________________________________________________________________________

52. Privatization Disadvantages (According to text)
Should government cede their correctional responsibilities to a private company?
Your view?

53. US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Shock Incarceration - 1
Placement of offenders in facilities patterned after military boot camps
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Without extensive criminal records

54. Shock Incarceration - 2
Inmates wait to eat lunch at the Moriah Shock Incarceration Correctional Facility in Mineville, N.Y.
Corrections officials say they have graduated more than 40,000 inmates from military-style boot camps over the past 25 years and most never come back

55. Shock Incarceration - 3

56. Shock Incarceration - 4
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Subject to strict military style program of work, physical fitness, conditioning and discipline
Much like military boot camp
Not fun

57. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 1
Organizational and administrative structure of institutional corrections is decentralized
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legislative and judicial branches of each also involved

58. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 2
Federal Government maintains its own system
States maintain their own system
There is an interrelationship between the two
Federal requirements affect operation of state prisons
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

59. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
BOP’s mission is to “protect society by confining offenders in controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, and appropriately secure, and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens”
Bureaus central office is Washington DC

60. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Classification Facilities
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

61. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons
The most common general type of prison in US
Distinguished from one another by “SECURITY LEVEL”
Security Level
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

62. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Custody Level
The classification of an _________________________ to indicate the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with that inmate
Different from security level which is for institutions

63. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - 2
Institution’s security Level is determined by
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The measures taken to preserve internal security within the institution

64. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - 3
Maximum – Security facilities: 8.6 %
Supermaximum Security .9%
Medium –Security facilities: 33.6%
Between maximum and medium: 11.2%
Minimum-Security facilities: 37.3%
Unclassified or other: 8.3%
As of Sep 2005

65. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Maximum Security
Very tight external and internal security
______________________________________________
Motion detectors
The stereotypical prison

67. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - SuperMaximum Security
_______________________________________________
Very expensive to maintain
Problem inmates
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
After three years a successful inmate can gradually regain social contact

68. Supermax Florence Colorado

69. Supermax Florence Colorado
The Colorado Supermax is only used for very worst offenders, often those who have killed fellow inmates at other facilities
Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day

70. 1. Typical cell sized 7ft x 12ft (3.5x2m) with small slit window
2. Shower works on timer
3. Small black and white TV showing educational programs (some prisoners only)
4. Heavy duty steel door or grate
5. Writing desk
6. Toilet which shuts off if blocked
7. Sink
8. Steel mirror, rather than smashable glass

71. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Medium Security
Fewer restrictions on internal movement
_______________________________________________
Relatively few cells
Typically no external walls

72. Typical Medium Security Prison from outside

73. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Low Security Facility
BOP operates low-security facilities
_______________________________________________
Double fenced perimeters
Dormitory housing

74. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons – Minimum Security Facility
_________________________
Inmates usually there after proving good behavior elsewhere
Often there are no fences but not always
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

75. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Women’s Prisons
10 percent of the prisons
Smaller
____________________
Different needs

76. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Cocorrectional Facilities
House both male and female inmates
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Usually small and security is minimum

77. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Jails and Lockups
Lockup very short term holding facility
24-48 hours
Jail
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Excluding lockups there are more jails in the US than any other confinement facility (3-4K)

78. Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Jails
______________________________________________
Some of their functions
Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial
Hold mentally ill persons pending movement to appropriate facilities
_______________________________________________
Transfer of inmates
Many more (see page 367 of text)

79. Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 1
Over past 200 years US has developed a strong tradition of using prisons to control crime
Has not always been a good solution
________________________________________________
Much more money spent on building facilities than programs for criminals

80. Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 2
Polarization of beliefs about Prisoners
___________________________________________
Your opinion?

81. Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 1
88 percent of all prisoners are state prisoners
12 percent federal
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Large proportion had not completed high school, under 35, and never married
Federal prisoners are more likely to be married and have a higher education level
Statistics as of end of 2005

82. Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 2
Imprisonment rate for men was 929 per 100,000
Imprisonment rate for women was 65 per 100,000
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Many had low paying jobs
Statistics as of end of 2005

83. Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Offenses Percentage of Inmates
Violent Offenses – 51.8%
Murder 12.1 %
Rape 4.9%
Other sexual assault 7%
Robbery 14.1 %
Assault 9.9%
Manslaughter 1.4%
Other violent offenses 2.5%
Public Order Offenses 6.9%
Other/Unspecified Offenses .5%
As of 2003
Drug Offenses
State inmates– 20%
Federal inmates - 54%
Property offenses 20.9%
Burglary 11%
Larceny 3.9%
Motor theft 1.6%
Fraud 2.4%
Other property crimes 1.9%

84. Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 1
Institutions are like miniature societies
_______________________________________________
All institutions maintain a wide range of security measures

85. Classification of inmates
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 2
Methods
Classification of inmates
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Certain inmates are given special custody designations that distinguish them from general population
________________________________________________________________________________________________

86. Administrative Segregation
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 3
Protective Custody
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Administrative Segregation
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

87. Mail and Phone monitoring _____________________
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 4
Routine searches
___________________
Drugs
Contraband of any sort
Mail and Phone monitoring
_____________________

88. Treatment of inmates with special needs
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 5
Treatment of inmates with special needs
______________________________________________

89. Self improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - Inmate Rehabilitation Programs
Self improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups
AA, Bible clubs
_______________________________________________________________
Crisis intervention
_____________________
Designed to improve inmates work habits
Education and vocational training
Rehabilitation effort
Better skills, more chance of success on outside

90. Living in Prison - 1 Prison is a Total Institution
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

91. Living in Prison - 2
Although prisons are influenced by outside society they __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A society in prison has its _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Central to inmate society is the “Convict Code”

92. Living in Prison – The Convict Code
A set of values, norms and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and the prison staff
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
An inmate should mind their own business and do their own time
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________ to fellow inmates not guards or staff

93. Result of Prison Society - Prisonization
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Longer in prison more _________________________ to adapt once outside
Leads to high return to prison rate

94. Major Theories Concerning the Origins of Inmate Society
Deprivation Theory
Inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Importation Theory
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ by the attitudes inmates bring with them when they enter prison

95. Inmate Society - 1 Fractured Violent
_____________________________________________
Lots of victimization

96. Inmate Society - 2 Has a subculture economy
______________________________________________
Secret exchanges

97. Life in Women’s Prison
Usually not as __________________________________
_______________________________________________
More immediate family concerns

98. Life in Prison – Correctional Officers
Lots of stress
_______________________________________________________________
Some places a high turn-over rate

99. Inmate Rights and Prison Reform
For past few decades efforts to reform prisons has been through the courts
Habeas Corpus:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

100. Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 2
Inmates have 1st Amendment Rights
Free Speech
____________________________________________________________________________________
Religious Freedom
_______________________________________________________________

101. Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 3
Inmates have 8th Amendment Rights
_____________________
Protection from staff brutality
Adequate facilities
_______________________________________________________________

102. Prison Release and Recidivism
93% of all inmates eventually get released from prison
Inmates are released in a number of ways
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Finishing out sentence
_______________________________________________
Parole

103. Commutation
Reduction of original sentence given by an executive authority usually a _____________________________

104. Parole
The conditional release of prisoners before they have served ______________________________________

105. Good Time
____________________________________________ from an inmate’s sentence for good behavior and meritorious activities in prison

106. Mandatory Release
A method of prison release under which an inmate is released after serving a legally required portion of his or her sentence, minus good time credits

107. Probation
A sentence in which the offender, rather than being _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Required to abide by certain rules and conditions to avoid incarceration

108. Recidivism
The return to illegal activity after release from incarceration
_______________________________________________
How do you succeed in society with a prison record?

109. Summary Lots of stuff to know
Page 386 of your book has a summary recap of chapter 10