1. What are similarities among plants and animals? Come up with a list.
BELLWORK,
What are similarities among plants and animals? Come up with a list.

2. STANDARD
AG-BAS-7: The student demonstrates an understanding of the basic principles of plant science. a) Distinguishes plants from animals and explains how they are alike.

3. What are perennials, biennials, and annuals?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are perennials, biennials, and annuals?

4. TODAY
About 45 minutes worth of notes….we may go to the greenhouse or watch a movie!

6. APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SCIENCE

7. HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS DIFFERENT ?
Plants take in nutrients and make their own food : Animals depend on plants for food.
Plants are not mobile,anchored in soil : Animals are mobile.
Plants have rigid cell walls : Animals have cell membranes (no cell walls)
Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen : Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

8. HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ALIKE ?
Both have life cycles.
Both carry on life processes: circulation, respiration and growth.
Both are made of cells.
Both plants and animals must have food.

9. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANT GROWTH
TEMPERATURE - Some plants are cool season crops and others are warm season crops.
PRECIPITATION - Plants vary in the amount of water they need.
LIGHT - Plants vary in the amount of light they need: referred to as a plants photoperiod.

10. TYPES OF GROWING SEASONS
COOL SEASON - Life cycle begins in the fall and ends when summer begins : examples include wheat, rye, oats and some varieties of vegetables.
WARM SEASON - Life cycles begins after last frost until the first frost in the fall : Examples include bananas, papaya, oranges, tomatoes, cotton, corn and soybean.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE
ANNUALS - Plants that complete their life cycle in one year.
BIENNIALS - Plants that complete their life in two seasons.
PERENNIALS - Plants that live more than two growing seasons.

12. What is the difference in a perennial plant and an annual plant?
BELLWORK
What is the difference in a perennial plant and an annual plant?

13. What is the number one field of study at ABAC.
BELLWORK
What is the number one field of study at ABAC.

14. STANDARD
AG-BAS-7: The student demonstrates an understanding of the basic principles of plant science. a) Distinguishes plants from animals and explains how they are alike.

15. What are the three tropisms that some plants experience.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the three tropisms that some plants experience.

16. College
First two years of college are much like high school, you will take science, math, history, and english courses. Undergraduate Degrees: Associates: 2 years of college completed Bachelors: 4 years of college completed Graduate Degrees: Masters: 6 years of college completed w/research Doctorate: 8+ years of college completed w/research

17. VEGETATIVE PARTS OF PLANTS
LEAVES - Make food for the plant through a process known as photosynthesis.
STEMS - Transport water and other material between the leaves and roots; supports the leaves, fruit and other structures.
ROOTS - Anchors the plant; takes in water and minerals and stores food.

18. TWO MAJOR KINDS OF LEAVES
SIMPLE - Has only one blade; examples are corn, oak tree, sugar maple, elm tree and wheat.
COMPOUND - Divided into two or more leaflets; examples are clover, roses and locust trees.

19. THREE PATTERNS OF LEAF ARRANGEMENT
ALTERNATE - Only one leaf is located at each node on a stem.
OPPOSITE - Leaves are attached at a node opposite each other.
WHORLED - Three or more leaves are attached at each node.

20. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM
Stems support the leaves and hold them so that they can get sunlight.
Stems support flowers, fruit and other structures.
Stems transport water and other material.
Stems grow.
Stems store food (potato).

21. KINDS OF STEMS AERIAL STEMS - Grow above the ground.
SUBTERRANEAN STEMS - Grow below the ground.

22. SUBTERRANEAN STEMS TUBERS - Potatoes BULBS - Onions and tulips
CORMS - Gladiolus and garlic
RHIZOMES - Johnson grass

23. STEMS CLASSIFIED BY AMOUNT OF WOODY MATERIAL IN THE STEM
SINGLE WOODY TRUNKS - Trees
WOODY STEMS - Shrubs and many crop plants
HERBACEOUS STEMS - Many flowering, vegetable and crop plants.

24. KINDS OF ROOT SYSTEMS
TAPROOT - Has one main root that grows downward; pine trees, carrots and beets are examples.
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMS - Has many small roots and spread out through the soil; wheat, corn, soybeans and tomatoes are examples.

25. COMMON KINDS OF TROPISM
PHOTOTROPISM - Plants growing or turning in the direction of light.
GEOTROPISM - Plants respond to gravity; involves the roots growing downward.
THIGMOTROPISM - Plants respond to solid objects; plants will grow around or over objects such as rocks and sidewalks; or a tree growing around a fence wire.

26. NOW
Finish the worksheet from Friday! Any questions??

27. *
07/16/96
What is a Life Cycle?
from the time a seed is planted until the time that a seed is produced *

28. *
07/16/96
What is a Seed?
package containing an embryo (miniature plant) and food
seeds are alive, need air *

29. *
07/16/96
What is Germination?
process where embryo changes to seedling (growing plant) *

30. What conditions are necessary for germination?*
What conditions are necessary for germination?
07/16/96
1) moisture 2) correct temperature 3) air 4) some seeds need light 5) some seeds need help (break seed coat [sunflower], remove a chemical from seed, heat, chill [winter wheat]) *

31. What are Warm Season Crops?*
07/16/96
What are Warm Season Crops?
soil temperature must be 70 degrees F or more for germination (corn, rice, cotton, melons) *

32. What are Cool Season Crops?*
07/16/96
What are Cool Season Crops?
soil temp below 70 degrees F (wheat, barley, beets) *

33. How deep do seeds need to be planted?*
07/16/96
How deep do seeds need to be planted?
the size of the seed determines
larger seed = deeper
corn = 4"
bluegrass = 1/4" *

34. *
07/16/96
Germination Process
1) seed absorbs water, swells 2) water activates enzymes which help digest stored food 3) root grows 4) shoot emerges (is now a seedling) *

35. What is vegetative growth?*
07/16/96
What is vegetative growth?
plant produces food for itself
extra food is stored in roots, stems, etc. *

36. How is food stored in plants?*
07/16/96
How is food stored in plants?
form of carbohydrates (sugars) *

37. How does respiration work?*
07/16/96
How does respiration work?
Food + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy *

38. What factors can influence the rate of respiration?*
07/16/96
What factors can influence the rate of respiration?
1) high temps = high rate of respiration 2) high amounts of light = high rate 3) high amounts of water = high rate *

39. What is Photosynthesis?*
07/16/96
What is Photosynthesis?
process of converting water and carbon dioxide into food (sugar) and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and light
photosynthesis and respiration are opposite cycles *

40. *
07/16/96
What is Transpiration?
process of returning water to the air (in the form of gas)
99% of water taken in by roots is transpired
Wilt = plant transpires more than it takes in *

41. What are Macronutrients?*
07/16/96
What are Nutrients?
elements needed by plants to grow
What are Macronutrients?
needed in large amounts
C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S)
plants get C, H, O from air and water *

42. What are Primary Nutrients?*
07/16/96
Nutrients
What are Primary Nutrients?
N, P, K
What are Secondary Nutrients?
Ca, Mg, S
needed less *

43. What are Micronutrients?*
07/16/96
What are Micronutrients?
needed in small amounts, but essential
excess amounts are toxic
Fe, Bo, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cu, Cl *

44. 16 Essential Nutrients C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Cl Mo*
07/16/96
16 Essential Nutrients
C H O P K N S Ca Fe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Cl Mo
An easy way to help remember essential nutrients is with the help of this sentence (each word or letter stands for each nutrient): C Hopkins Café Managed By Mine Cousin Clomo *

45. Basic Parts of the Plant
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flower

46. Roots 1. Anchor Plant 2. Absorb water and minerals
3. Translocate water and minerals to stem
4. Store Food

47. Stems 1. Translocate water, minerals and food to the leaves
2. Support the leaves and display them to light
3. Store Food

48. Leaves 1. Make food through photosynthesis
2. Provide site of gas exchange
3. Store food

49. Flowers 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual production
2. Produce seeds and fruit

50. Different type of Roots
A. Tap Root
Continuation of the primary root
Ideal for anchorage
Penetration is greater for water
Storage area for food made by photosynthesis

51. ARE YOU PAYING ATTENTION?
THERE JUST MAY BE A QUIZ!!!

52. Different type of Roots
B. Fibrous Roots
Many finely branched secondary roots
Shallow roots cover a large area
More effective absorption of water and minerals
Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion

53. Different type of Roots
C. Aerial roots
Clinging air roots
Short roots that grow horizontally from the stems
Roots that fasten the plant to a support
Absorptive air roots

54. Different type of Roots
Adventitious Roots
Develop in places other than nodes
Can form on cuttings and rhizomes

55. Roots
Root hairs:
Tiny one celled hair like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of the roots where vascular tissues have formed.
Increase surface area
Absorb water and minerals from soil

56. Specialized Stems A. Corm (gladiolus, crocus) underground
Solid, fleshy, scale covered

57. WAKE UP!!!!!!!!!!!!
DON’T FALL ASLEEP
PAY ATTENTION!
THIS MEANS YOU!!!

58. Specialized Stems B. Bulb (tulips, lillies, onions)
Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other
Underground stem

59. Specialized Stems C. Tuber (potato, caladium) Food storage area
Short, thick underground stem

60. Specialized Stems D. Crown (African Violets, fern)
Closely grouped stems or plantlets
Just above ground or just below

61. Specialized Stems E. Spurs (pear and apple trees)
Short sems found on woody plant limbs adapted for increased production of fruits

62. Specialized Stems F. Rhizomes (iris, lily of the valley)
Underground stems that produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above the ground

63. Specialized Stems G. Stolon (Strawberry, airplane plant)
Stem that grows horizontally above the soil surface

64. Principal Tissues of the Leaf
Epidermis
Cuticle
Waxy substance covers the leaves and stems
Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants

65. Principal Tissues of the Leaf
Epidermis (cont)
Stomata
Openings in the epidermis mainly located on underside of leaves
Exchange of gases

66. Principal Tissues of the Leaf
Epidermis (cont)
Guard Cells
Two cells located on each side of stomata
Open and closes stomata

67. Principal Tissues of the Leaf
Mesophyll layer
Palisade mesophyll
Primary site of photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll
Contains air and chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

68. Principal Tissues of the Leaf
Veins or vascular bundles
In spongy mesophyll
Phloem tissues conduct food from photosynthesis to rest of plant
Xylem tissues conduct water and minerals up to cells in leaves and stems

69. Parts of the Flower Sepals Outer covering of the flower bud
Protects the stamens and pistills when flower is in bud stage

70. Parts of the Flower Petals Brightly colored
Protects stamen and pistills
Attracts pollinating insects

71. Parts of the Flower Stamens Male Reproductive part
Anther-produces pollen
Filament-supports the anther

72. Parts of the Flower Pistil Female reproductive part Ovary Stigma
Enlarged portion at base of pistill
Produces ovules which develop into seeds
Stigma
Holds the pollen grains

73. Parts of the Flower Style Connects the stigma with ovary
Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated

74. Complete and Incomplete Flowers
Complete: have all four main parts
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistils

75. Parts of the plant and their functions

76. Importance of plants
Without plants life on earth would not exist

77. Plants: Primary source of food for people and animals Produce oxygen
help to keep us cool
renew the air

78. Plants: slow wind speed provide a home for wildlife
beautify surroundings
perfume the air
furnish building materials and fuel

79. Parts of a plant
Four basic parts
leaves
stems
roots
flowers

80. Leaves the food factory of the plant
produce the food used by the plant or stored for later use

81. Shape and size of leaves
vary among plants
used for identification of plants

82. Leaf arrangement alternate opposite whorled
arranged in a circle around the stem

83. External leaf structure
petiole - leaf stalk
leaf blade (leaf)
has veins
forms structural framework of the leaf

84. Midrib
large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend

85. Margins
edges of leaves
assists in plant identification

86. Internal leaf structure
epidermis
skin of the leaf
single layer of cells
protects leaf from loss of too much moisture

87. Guard Cells
open and close the small pore on the underside of the leaf

88. Stomates
allow the plant to breathe and transpire
give off moisture

89. Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll
located inside the food making cells

90. What is a Perfect Flower?
has Stamen & Pistil on same flower
only one part = imperfect

91. What is the difference between a Monoecious and Deoecious plant?
Monoecious: male & female flowers on same plant
Dioecious: male & female flowers on different plants

92. What are the other parts of the flower?
Calyx: all the sepals
Corolla: all the petals

93. What is a Complete Flower?
A flower that has all four major flower parts: Pistil, Stamen, Calyx, Corolla

94. What type of flower does the grass plant have?
has calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
any missing parts = incomplete
perfect & incomplete

95. What are the types of Inflorescences?
Panicle Inflorescence: (oats, some grasses) branched structure at tip of stem

96. What are the types of Inflorescences?
Spike Inflorescence: (wheat, barley) spikelets attached directly to stem.

97. What are the types of Inflorescences?
Raceme Inflorescence: (mustard, rapeseed) single flowers attached to stalk or stem.

98. What are the types of Inflorescences?
Head Inflorescence: (sunflower) enlarged stem = receptacle

99. What is a Fruit?
An Apple or Tomato is considered a fruit. A Fruit is a mature ovary.
Fruits can be fleshy (tomato) or dry (wheat)

100. process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
What is Pollination?
process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
plants can be self-pollinated (male & female flowers on same plant) or cross-pollinated (different plants)

101. What is Fertilization? when sperm is united with an egg
pollen lands on stigma, germinates, and grows down style to the ovary where sperm fertilizes the egg (pollen tube)
there are actually two fertilizations. Second sperm fertilizes second egg to form the endosperm (food for the seed)