1. Citation & The Bluebook
20th Edition
Professor Aliza Kaplan

2. Why the Bluebook? Widely used Uniformity
Job/Intern/Extern/Clerkship expectations

3. Citations Basic elements of a case citation
Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 60 (1986).
United States v. MacDonald, 531 F.2d 196, (4th Cir. 1976).
Docherty v. Sadler, 689 N.E.2d 332, 333 (Il. App. Ct. 1997).
Peery v. Hanley, 897 P.2d 1189, 1191 (Or. Ct. App ).

4. Bluebook Bluepages Where you’ll spend most of your time first year
Practitioner’s guide – basic rules on everyday citation needs
Cases = B10, Short cites & Id. = B4, Statutes = B12, Quotes = B5
Whitepages
In-depth citations, mostly for law journals, but can help answer questions about specific citation needs
Caution! Different typeface rules between Blue/Whitepages
Cases = R10, Statutes/FRCP= R12
Other useful rules: Quotes = R5, Abbreviations and Spacing = R6
Tables
T1: U.S. Jurisdictions, what reporters to use, court abbreviations
T6: Words to abbreviate in case names
T10: Geographic abbreviations
Index!

5. Anatomy of a citation CASE NAME, REPORTER INFORMATION, COURT, and YEAR
State Reporter: House v. Hicks, 218 Or. App. 348, 358 (2008).
Regional Reporter: House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Full Parallel Citation
House v. Hicks, 218 Or. App. 348, 358, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (2008).
Which one do you use?
HBB Rule B T1/OR = House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Regional Reporters
Atlantic (A., A.2d, A.3d), Northeast (N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d), Northwest (N.W., N.W.2d), Pacific (P., P.2d, P.3d), Southeast (S.E., S.E.2d), Southwest (S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d) , Southern (So., So. 2d, So. 3d)

6. When to cite
Quote
“Whether conduct is an extraordinary transgression is a fact-specific inquiry, to be considered on a case-by-case basis, based on the totality of the circumstances.” House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Paraphrase
The specific facts of a case determine whether the conduct rises to the level of an extraordinary transgression. House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Identify a Source
The court in McGanty examined the analysis from Pakos v. Clark, 453 P.2d 682 (Or. 1969). McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, (Or. 1995).

7. Citation sentences & clauses
Sentence: citation supports the full assertion/sentence
The plaintiff asserted four claims against two defendants. McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, (Or. 1995).
Clause: citation only supports part of the sentence
The plaintiff in McGanty asserted four claims against two defendants, McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, (Or. 1995), while in House the plaintiff asserted three claims against three defendants, House v. Hicks, P.3d 730, 735 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).

8. First time cited HBB Rule B4, R10
“Whether conduct is an extraordinary transgression is a fact-specific inquiry, to be considered on a case-by-case basis, based on the totality of the circumstances.” House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 736 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Full name of the case, underlined or italicized (Rule B2)
Reporter name, volume number, first page of the decision, pinpoint citation
Make sure your pages line up! Not House v. Hicks, 179 P.3d 730, 351 (Or. Ct. App. 2008).
Parenthetical information (court & year, quoting or citing)
HBB Rule B10.1.3, B10.1.5, B10.1.6, B1.3, R10.6.2
Must include the court, unless the citation clearly conveys it
Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1877).
Quoting or citing:
McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 849 (Or. 1995) (quoting Patton v. J.C. Penney Co., 719 P.2d 854, 857 (Or. 1986)).

9. First time cited cont’d
Significant subsequent history – HBB Rule B10.1.6, R10.7
Omit denial of cert/similar appellate discretionary appeals, unless less than 2 years old, particularly relevant (there are other exceptions, see Rule 10.7)
Omit history on remand or denial of rehearing, unless particularly relevant
Use explanatory phrases, abbreviate pursuant to T8, underline or italicized (aff’d, rev’d, vacated)
Jackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 348 F.Supp. 954 (M.D. Pa. 1972), aff’d, 483 F.2d 754 (3d Cir. 1973), aff’d, 419 U.S. 345.

10. Case names Only include first party listed
Kraemer v. Harding, 159 Or. App. 90; not Kraemer v. Harding, Harding, Lundberg and Lundberg
For individuals, use surnames only
People v. Murray; not People v. William F. Murray
Omit words indicating multiple parties (don’t use et al)
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S.Ct (2012); Not National Federation of Independent Business et al. v. Kathleen Sebelius, et al.
Abbreviate any words listed in Table 6 (there are more than you think!)
Nat’l Fed’n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 132 S.Ct (2012)
“United States” – abbreviate if part of name, don’t if a named party
Smith v. United States; Doe v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice
For more guidance, see HBB Rule B10.1.1

11. What’s gone wrong?
“The court must ask itself whether there was a natural and continuous sequence between cause and effect.” Helen Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company, 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99.
Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 162 N.E. 99, 104 (N.Y. 1928).
Palsgraf v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 162 N.E. 99, 104 (N.Y. 1928) – Only last name; abbreviate w/ T6, pick the best reporter T1/NY says use the regional; no pincite; w/ regional you need court name, year

12. Short form citation
Once a case has been fully cited, then a short cite is appropriate.
How to form a short cite (HBB Rule B4)
Omit first page of case, court & year, subsequent history, and parentheticals
Shorten or omit the case name
Never use “supra” or “infra” to cite cases
McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 849 (Or. 1995).
Becomes  McGanty, 901 P.2d at 849.
or 901 P.2d at 849.
or Id. at 849.
If you leave the party name in, don’t use the government party.
People v. Sheirod, 510 N.Y.S.2d 945, 948 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987).
Becomes  Sheirod, 510 N.Y.S.2d at 948.
NOT People, 510 N.Y.S.2d at 948.

13. Pincites McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 841 (Or. 1995).
When you refer to specific material in a case (with a quote or paraphrase), tell your reader what page to find it on (HBB Rule B10.1.2)
The first element of a constructive discharge claim is that the defendant intentionally created or maintained the complained-of condition. McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 856 (Or. 1995).
Same for short cites
McGanty, 901 P.2d at 856.
If info appears on the first page of the decision, put it twice.
McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 841 (Or. 1995).
Page Range
A plaintiff must prove four elements to succeed on a constructive discharge claim. McGanty, 901 P.2d at
Note: can drop repetitive digits w/ 3 or more digits.
Multiple, non-consecutive pages = separate with commas
McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 849, 852 (Or. 1995).
Finding pincite pages online  to Westlaw
Make sure your pages match up with the reporter you’re using!

14. Id.
HBB B4 and R4.1
Use Id. when the information comes from the same page of the immediately preceding authority.
The house was fully furnished and could have been occupied at any time. People v. Sheirod, 510 N.Y.S.2d 945, 947 (N.Y. App. Div ). Although the burglar broke in, he did not appear to take anything. Id.
Add a pincite if the page is different.
“[T]he ‘usually occupied’ element may be satisfied even though the residence is temporarily unoccupied at the time of the burglary.” Id. at
You can’t use id if you cite to a different source in between, or if the previous citation is to more than one source.
The focus of the third element is the severity of the emotional distress, the duration and intensity of which are key considerations. Checkley v. Boyd, 170 Or. App. 721, 743 (2000); Kraemer v. Harding, 159 Or. App. 90, (1999). The plaintiff in Kraemer was not declared medically stable until eight months after his dismissal from the route. Kraemer, 159 Or. App. at 102.

15. Parenthetical information
State v. Skinner, 172 S.E.2d 548, 551 (S.C ) (holding that waiver can be implied).
State v. Skinner, 172 S.E.2d 548, 551 (S.C ) (“Waiver may be either explicit or implicit.”).

16. Citing to Federal Court cases
Supreme Court cases
Use U.S. reporter if available; then S. Ct., etc. (see HBB T1)
Nat’l Fed’n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 132 S.Ct (2012) – too recent to be in the U.S. Reporter
But Worldwide Volkswagon Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980); not 100 S. Ct. 559
Fed. Court of Appeals (F., F.2d, F.3d), Fed. District Court (F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d)
1st time cited, must use parenthetical to identify court and year

17. Multiple authorities Multiple authorities for one assertion?
HBB Rule B1.2, R1.4
Separated by semicolons; highest court first, federal before state; state courts sorted alphabetically, then by date
Cases from same jurisdiction = most recent case first
For citing purposes, all Fed. Courts of Appeal = same court (so just sort by date)
Bennet v. Berg, 685 F.2d (8th Cir. 1982); Segal v. Gordon, 467 F.2d 602 (2d Cir. 1972)
Order? th Cir., th Cir., and District of Oregon

18. Statutes, Rules, Regulations
HBB Rule B12
Full citation: Official name, published source, year source published or statute passed
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 (2006) (Apple? Opt + 6 = §, Windows? Set a shortcut)
No underlining or italics here.
Multiple sections = §§
U.S.C. published every 6 years; cite to session laws if not yet published (See Rule B12)
When possible, cite to official code (NOT U.S. Code Annotated)
If you do use U.S.C.A., make sure to note the publisher
15 U.S.C.A. § 205 (West 2008)
Some other examples:
Or. Rev. Stat. § (2009)
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

19. QUOTES HBB Rule B5, R5 50 or more words = block quote
Indented, no quotation marks, citation on left side of page, not w/in the block
49 or fewer words = quotation marks.
Don’t forget to cite! Quotation marks alone aren’t enough
Substituting letters/words (HBB Rule 5, lots more here)
Substituted words = brackets
Omitted words/phrases = ellipses
Note whether emphasis added or omitted
“[T]o satisfy the intent element of [intentional infliction of severe emotional distress], a plaintiff must allege that the defendant acted with the purpose of inflicting severe emotional or mental distress on the plaintiff.” McGanty v. Staudenraus, 901 P.2d 841, 849 (Or. 1995) (emphasis added).
Be credible! Don’t use quotes out of context.