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Immigration to Urbanization
The Gilded Age Immigration to Urbanization
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Flashback & Bellringer
FB: What attracted many Asians to the U.S. in the late 1800s? Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act The desire for free land Jobs with American railroad companies The Gentleman’s Agreement BR: Predict why many immigrants supported city political machines in the early 1900s? Political machines were free of corruption Political machines provided them with jobs Political machines put powerful bosses out of business Political machines fought against crime in the slums
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Review of Key Ideas Innovation, resources, and government policies encouraged industrialism. “Giants” of industry created the “Gilded Age.” Industrialism had positive and negative effects. Workers responded to industrial conditions by creating unions. Despite efforts by unions, workers had to continue fighting bad workplace conditions. One event finally drew attention to the problem of workplace safety. A “new” wave of immigrants came to the U.S. at the beginning of the 20th century, pulled by economic opportunity and freedom. “Old” immigrants differed from “new” immigrants in regards to their home countries, cultures, and experiences. Early 20th century Americans appreciated “New” immigrants for providing a work force and introducing new cultures. Early 20th century Americans disliked “New” immigrants because of their cultural differences and competition for jobs and housing. The government responded to concerns about increased immigration through stricter immigration policies.
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Key Ideas Industrialization, Immigration, and Urbanization are interconnected. What is interconnected? How does each lead to the others? Increased urban populations created problems for the cities. What problems arise from overpopulation? Gilded Age politics were plagued with corruption. What is corruption? How did political machines gain power?
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Urbanization The rapid growth of cities in response to immigration and industrialization in America between 1880 and 1920.
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Industrialization, Immigration and Urbanization each impacted the others
Provided jobs which encouraged more people to come More people in the cities needed more build up, which provided more jobs Increased populations filled the cities
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The New City Innovations
Skyscrapers – building up Streetcars – building out The New City Innovations
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Impact of Innovations Skyscrapers Streetcars
Steel allowed buildings to go upward Provided more work and living space Electric transportation provided faster and further transit to jobs Allowed wealthier to live outside of cities away from crime, pollution, and poverty Suburbs Impact of Innovations
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The Real city Overcrowding, corruption, and other problems arose in the rapidly growing cities. What problems do you imagine arose as a result of overpopulation and overcrowding in the cities?
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Problems in Cities Tenement housing crammed poor families into small apartments Inadequate infrastructure Poor sanitation Lack of consumer protection Unsafe working conditions Polluted water and other environmental problems (mining) Unsafe (fire, crime, spread of disease) Gangs and theft
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Political Machines City political groups formed headed by “bosses” who promised improved city conditions and jobs to city dwellers in exchange for votes. Bosses gave “favors” (patronage) and used intimidation and corrupt methods to control cities. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall in NYC used corruption to steal $40 to $200 MILLION from taxpayers.
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Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883
Political Corruption Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883 Set guidelines for hiring civil servants (nonmilitary government employees)
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Do Something About it! Early reformers arise to solve the problems of the cities. Settlement Houses, such as the Hull House formed by Jane Addams, opened in all major cities Provided English lessons, daycare, job training, and neighborhood social programs Social Gospel Movement tried to apply Christian principals to city urban problems Temperance Movement attacked alcohol as the cause of all urban problems
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“Muckrakers” called attention to the negative side of the Gilded Age
Do Something About it! “Muckrakers” called attention to the negative side of the Gilded Age Authors like Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis and journalists like Lincoln Steffens helped bring about government reforms by exposing poverty, corruption, and unsafe working conditions.
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Social Tensions Growing differences between social classes
Few gains for African Americans Violence Disenfranchised Jim Crow laws Role of Women
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Social Tensions Role of women Changes in families
More working outside the home Appliances made housework easier Creation of women's colleges Still no right to vote for most women Changes in families Child labor Inadequate education
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Drawing Attention! Some reformers used their talents to call attention to the problems of the city. Jacob Riis photographed the urban dwellings to show the problems of the poor in the slums. Published photographs and stories of the people in How the Other Half Lives.
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Jacob Riis Impact Statement
What impact was made by Jacob Riis? Write a statement with specific details on his contribution of bringing attention to the problems in the cities.
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Exit Slip If you were a modern day Jacob Riis, what photograph would you take to represent modern urban life. Draw or describe it.
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