1. Standard
S6E5: Students will understand how the distribution of land and oceans affects climate and weather. d: describe the processes that change rocks and the surface of Earth e: Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and cause major geological events on the earth’s surface. f: Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents, and tides).

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can I describe earthquakes?

3. OPENING
Milestone review; students will have 8 minutes to review before quiz

4. WORK PERIOD K-W-L chart over earthquakes
PPT. with guided notes over earthquakes

5. CLOSING
T.O.T.D: Do earthquakes occur frequently? Why or why not?

6. HOMEWORK
Complete guided notes over earthquakes due Tuesday-see teacher website
K.I.M.S. vocabulary chart over earthquakes-see teacher website; due Wednesday

7. Earthquakes Essential Question: How has earthquakes shaped our Earth?
How do tectonic plates cause earthquakes?

9. Whose Fault is it?
Faults are fractures in Earth where movement has occurred
Because earthquakes occur when two plates rub together, they are often said to occur on fault lines.
Faults occur because forces inside the Earth cause Earth’s plates to move placing stress on or near the plate edge

10. What are the types of Faults?
To relieve this stress, the rocks tend to bend, compress, or stretch
If the force is great enough the rocks will break.
This breaking produces an earthquake.
An earthquake is vibrations produced by breaking rock or rock sliding past each other.
Abrupt shakings of the Earth is caused by
the release of built up pressure on the
Earth’s surface

11. What are the 3 types of Faults?
3 types of forces act on rocks: tension, compression, and shear
Normal Fault- caused by rock above the fault moving downward in relation to the rock below the fault

12. What are the 3 types of Faults?
Reverse faults result from compression forces that squeeze rock.
If rock breaks from forces pushing from opposite directions, rock above a reverse fault surface is forced up and over the rock below the fault surface.

13. What are the 3 types of Faults?
At a strike-slip fault, rocks on either side of the fault are moving past each other without much upward or downward movement
The San Andreas Fault is the boundary between two of Earth’s plates that are moving sideways past each other.

14. What are the features of an Earthquake?
Seismic Waves- waves generated by an earthquake, can move the ground forward and backward, up and down, and side to side
Focus- an earthquake’s point of energy release
This is the point within Earth where the earthquake starts
Epicenter- is the point on the earth’s surface directly above the earthquake focus

15. What are the types of Seismic Waves that are produced?
Primary Waves (P-Waves)- cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction that the wave is traveling
Secondary Waves (S-waves)- move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
Surface Waves- are seismic waves that travel along Earth’s outer layer
These waves cause most of the destruction resulting from earthquakes

16. P-waves
S-waves
Surface waves

17. How do we locate an Earthquake?
The different speeds of seismic waves allow scientist to determine the epicenter
Primary waves move fastest
Secondary waves follow
Surface waves move slowest and arrive at the seismograph station last
The difference in arrival times is used to calculate the distance from the seismograph station to the earthquake epicenter

18. How do we locate an Earthquake?
Seismic waves from earthquakes are measured with an instrument known as a seismograph
Consists of a rotating drum of paper and a pendulum with an attached pen
The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismogram

20. How do we measure an earthquake?
We can measure earthquakes by its:
Intensity – a measure of the effects on an earthquake at a particular location OR
Magnitude: a measure of the strength or amount of energy released during an earthquake

21. How do we measure an earthquake?
The Richter scale is used to describe the strength of an earthquake and is based on the height of the lines on the seismograph

22. How do we measure an earthquake?
The Mercalli Scale is based on actual observations of damage

23. Mercalli vs. Richter Scale

24. Earthquake dangers…
Most earthquake damage occurs when surface waves cause building, bridge, and roads to collapse
However, an earthquake under the ocean causes a sudden movement of the ocean floor
The movement pushes against the water, causing a powerful wave that can travel thousands of kilometers in all directions
These ocean waves caused by earthquakes are called seismic sea waves, or tsunamis