1. Industry & Immigration Topic 2
Mr. Vega
U.S HISTORY

2. INNOVATION BOOSTS GROWTH TOPIC 2.1
OBJECTIVES
Analyze factors that encouraged industrialization in late 1800’s
Explain how inventions, discoveries, and innovation fueled growth & standard of living
Explain the challenges faced by the South in industry and agriculture in late 1800’s
Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800’s

3. Growth of Industrialization in U.S. late 1880’s
Civil War in 1860’s forced changes in U.S. industry (factories, food processing, railroad expansion, creation of new power sources)
This was seen as United States 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870’s-1910’s)p
Factors of Industrial Growth
Vast supply of Natural Resources (Coal, Lumber, Iron ore, Oil/Edwin Drake, oil drill)
Workforce of Immigrants: left because of struggles/ found opportunities here.
Free Enterprise: people were free to run businesses with little gov’t intervention (key** entrepreneurs/ invest time & money)
Laissez-Faire policies: rules that allow businesses to operate with minimal government intervention but with all the protection (tariffs/ private property rights)
FLIN
Growth of Industrialization in U.S. late 1880’s

4. 1. During the second Industrial Revolution, immigration was necessary to..?
A. drive down labor costs.
B. provide needed labor.
C. provide a market for manufactured goods.
D. populate the cities.

5. Inventions, Discoveries & Innovation
The competitive spirit set up by free enterprise & laissez-faire policies set up the creation of new ways to improve lives
Patents increased & Businesses continued to invest money in many areas
Electricity
Thomas Edison: 1000 patents, despite little education, invented light bulb and DC current transmission & research lab
George Westinghouse: with the help of immigrant N. Tesla created AC current transmission rivaled Edison’s able to send electricity farther
War of the Currents (1890’s)
Extended work & social life
Communications:
Samuel Morse (1849) telegraph
Graham Bell (1876) telephone/ by 1900’s 1 mil phones & 100,000 miles of line
G. Marconi (1896) wireless telegraph which led to radio
Transformed newspaper reporter and foreign politics with other countries
Steel Industry:
Bessemer Process: introduced to U.S. in 1890’s (Henry Bessemer)
U.S. quickly capitalized (world leader) helped create suspension bridges & skyscrapers
Inventions, Discoveries & Innovation

7. Railroads & New Transportation transform daily lives
Railroads were improved with the introduction of air brakes & telegraphs (Woods)
Gustavus Swift: refrigerated cars for food transportation
Transportation in cities improved with trolleys, electric street cars, subways (EL), commuter trains
Effects:
Time zones: were needed because people traveling farther (watches were off)
Suburbs & communities outside of city were created
RR’s linked businesses with raw materials which led to growth of specialized businesses (eg. Windows for electric cars/ Grocery stores)
Businesses had to create new methods of faster production that were also inexpensive/ Mass production
Railroads & New Transportation transform daily lives

8. The most significant reason railroads encouraged industrial growth was?
A. the efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods.
B. the increase in labor necessary to build railroad cars.
C. the connection of the east and west coasts via railways.
D. the use of the Bessemer process to build steel tracks.

9. Southern Industry Lagged because of Civil War (Tennessee/Georgia grew)
Henry Grady: leader of South’s movement to industrialize, pushed for a new South
The key was to move from a mentality of pure farming to a mix of farming & industry
Before Civil War: Cotton, wood, Iron ore shipped to northern factories to process
After (1880’s) private investors from the North building factories and urban centers to create products there/ Agriculture also diversified (variety)
More Railroad lines were added to connect urban centers with ports (Mobile, AL to New Orleans)(prison labor)
However South after war lacked a well educated labor force & consumers that could purchase these goods
Low wages discouraged skilled laborers from coming/staying
Banks were poor (few assets) and those with money were not willing to invest
Cotton was still pushed by many and because of over abundance and the boll weevil it will not be worth much (chart)
Southern Industry

10. New South

11. A. all three: natural resources, labor, and investment.
B. two: an educated labor force and capital investment.
C. two: natural resources and an educated labor force.
D. two: natural resources and capital investment.
Of the three key elements needed to promote industry, the South lacked?

12. Effects of Industrialization:
U.S. dominates world markets in these areas (grain, steel, textiles)
U.S. railroad lines outnumbered the world
Our views upon economy and politics will begin to clash with world
More things will become mechanized including farms
People will begin to move from farms to urban centers
Mass production will produce goods for people in urban centers (clothing-food)
Negatives:
Higher cost of living
Cash was needed to buy food
Work becomes repetitive
Our Environment was being damaged by mining, excessive farming/ erosion
Mechanized farming eliminating small farms
Effects of Industrialization:

13. In the 1880s, farmers were put out of work by?
A. competition with world markets.
B. the development of ways to preserve food.
C. the mechanization of farming methods.
D. poor weather conditions.