1. Gestão de Energia: 2016/17 Energy Analysis: Process Analysis (cont.)
Primary, Final and Useful Energy
Primary Energy of Primary Electricity
Prof. Tânia Sousa

2. Energy Analyis: Energy efficiency measures
What is the impact of an energy efficiency measure that decreases CEA on CE12? D E C G A 11 10 9 7 5 2 F 1 4 B 3 6 12 8 EA 6

3. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of E1?
E1 is the total energy used to produce m1
For consistency purposes what should be the meaning of EA?

4. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of E1?
E1 is the total energy used to produce m1
For consistency purposes what should be the meaning of EA?
EA should be the total energy used to produce that energy consumption, i.e., EA should be the primary energy associated with the final energy input
How should you estimate Ea for an operation that consumes different types of energy, e.g., coal and electricity?

5. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of E1?
E1 is the total energy used to produce m1
For consistency purposes what should be the meaning of EA?
EA should be the total energy used to produce that energy consumption, i.e., EA should be the primary energy associated with the final energy input
To merge several kinds of final energy first convert each one to primary energy and then make the sum

6. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of tep/MWh for electricity?

7. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of tep/MWh for electricity?
Compute the efficiency

8. Typical values of 1st law efficiencies
1st Law efficiencies from primary to final energy

9. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of tep/MWh for electricity?
Compute the efficiency
Should this factor be country-specific?

10. Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
What is the meaning of tep/MWh for electricity?
Compute the efficiency
Should this factor be country-specific?
Does the CE of a product (same technology and the same inputs) change with the country where it is produced?
Nissan Terrano (India)
Renault Duster (Russia)

11. Forms of Energy - Primary energy

12. Forms of Energy - Final energy

13. Forms of Energy – Useful Energy

14. Forms of Energy
Primary energy – embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground)
Final energy – sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas)
Useful energy – in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport)
Productive energy – the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

15. From Primary Energy to Energy Services

16. Primary Energy to Energy Services
Energy Supply energy flows driven by resource availability and conversion technologies
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

17. Primary Energy to Energy Services
The energy supply sector dealing with primary energy is referred as “upstream” activities
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

18. Primary Energy to Energy Services
The energy supply sector dealing with secondary energy is referred as “downstream” activities
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

19. Primary Energy to Energy Services
Energy Demand
Energy system is service driven
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

20. Primary Energy to Energy Services
Quality and cost of energy services
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

21. Typical values of 1st law efficiencies
1st Law efficiencies from primary to final energy
1st Law efficiencies from final to useful energy

22. Primary Energy used for Electricity
What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Methods
Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic
Hydro Electricity
Geothermal Electricity
“electricity produced”
Electricity (1 kWh)

23. Primary Energy used for Electricity
What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
What would be the method if we were using the concept of Primary Energy?
Methods
Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic
Hydro Electricity
Geothermal Electricity
“electricity produced”
Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0

24. Primary Energy used for Electricity Resource Content Method (RCM)
What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Methods
Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic
Hydro Electricity
Geothermal Electricity
“resource content method”
Kinetic energy
Radiation
Potential Energy
Heat
“electricity produced”
Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0

25. Physical Content Method (IEA)
“The primary energy is the 1st energy form downstream for which multiple energy uses are pratical”
Heat (nuclear, geothermal and solar thermal)
Conversion from heat to electricity in geothermal is 10% and in nuclear is 30%
Electricity for wind, tide/wave/ocean and solar photovoltaic (100%)

26. Primary Energy used for Electricity
What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Physical Content Method: primary energy is the first form of comercial energy available (IEA)
Methods
Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic
Hydro Electricity
Geothermal Electricity
“as it is found in nature”
Kinetic energy
Radiation
Potential Energy
Heat
“electricity produced”
Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0
Physical Content Method
Heat (1/0.1 kWh)

27. Partial Substitution Method (EIA)
The amount of energy that would be necessary to generate an identical amount of electricity in conventional thermal power plants
Uses an average generating efficiency (40%) to convert electricity to primary energy

28. Primary Energy used for Electricity
What is the primary energy associated with 1 kWh of (different types) of primary renewable electricity?
Partial Substitution Method: primary energy is the amount of conventional energy that would have to be used (EIA)
Methods
Wind Electricity
Photovoltaic
Hydro Electricity
Geothermal Electricity
“as it is found in nature”
Kinetic energy
Radiation
Potential Energy
Heat
“electricity produced”
Electricity (1 kWh)
“measure of fossil energy” 0
Physical Content Method
Heat (1/0.1 kWh)
Partial Substitution Method
Fuel (1/0.4 kWh)

29. Comparison of Methods
What happens to energy intensity if a country that only uses electricity (produced with coal) as final energy replaces all thermoelectric power plants with dams?
With the partial substitution method?
With the physical content method?

30. Comparison of Methods
Estimate the PE with each method for a rainy and a dry year:
The conversion from coal to electricity is 40%.
Assume a 90% and 45% efficiencies for hydro and wind, respectively.

31. Comparison of Methods
Estimate the PE with each method for a rainy and a dry year:
The conversion from coal to electricity is 40%.
Assume a 90% and 45% efficiencies for hydro and wind, respectively.

32. Comparison of Methods
Neither the Physical Content Method nor the Partial Substitution Methods are a measure of primary fossil energy
Growth of wind, hydro or solar to produce electricity leads to primary energy savings with the Physical Content Method

33. Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = ton/year and P2 = ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: kgep/kWh and for fueloil kgep/kg.
Calculate f13
8 (produção 1) A C D E B 2 1 F G 14 13 12 11
10 (produção 2) 3 4 5 6 7 9

34. Exercise
3800
8 (produção 1) A C D E B 2 1 F G 14 13 12 11
15200
10000
30000
30000
50000
42400
27600
30000
9000
41400
30000
41400
39000

35. Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = ton/year and P2 = ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: kgep/kWh and for fueloil kgep/kg.
What is the specific consumption of each operation?

36. Exercise

37. Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = ton/year and P2 = ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: kgep/kWh and for fueloil kgep/kg.
What is the specific consumption of each product?
8 (produção 1) A C D E B 2 1 F G 14 13 12 11
10 (produção 2) 3 4 5 6 7 9

38. Exercise

39. Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = ton/year and P2 = ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: kgep/kWh and for fueloil kgep/kg.
In which product will a measure of energy savings implemented in the operation A reduce more the specific consumption?
8 (produção 1) A C D E B 2 1 F G 14 13 12 11
10 (produção 2) 3 4 5 6 7 9

40. Exercise