1. Plan A
Standard lecture course
Plan B
Standard lecture course, except:
Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives
Last 4 labs will be an independent research project
20% of grade will be “elective”
Paper
Talk
Research proposal
Poster
Exam

2. Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.
Phytoremediation
Plant products
Biofuels
Climate/CO2 change
Stress responses/stress avoidance
Improving food production
Biotechnology
Plant movements
Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
Flowering?
Something else?

3. Plan C
Pick a problem
Pick some plants to study
Design some experiments
See where they lead us

4. Plan C
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
First presentation: 5 points
Research presentation: 10 points
Final presentation: 15 points
Assignments: 5 points each
Poster: 10 points
Intermediate report 10 points
Final report: 30 points
Alternatives
Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations
Research proposal instead of a presentation
One or two exams?
Scavenger hunts?

5. Vegetative Plants
3 Parts
Leaf
Stem
Root

6. Vegetative Plants
3 tissue types
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

7. Plant Development
Cell division = growth

8. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become

9. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types

10. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations

11. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs

12. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
embryogenesis

13. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination

14. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis

15. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation

16. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation
Many responses to environment

17. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: can’t move:

18. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: can’t move:
Must grow towards/away from signals

19. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in
response to environment

20. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals

21. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones

22. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line!

23. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!

24. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form
different gametes

25. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape
1˚ wall made first
mainly cellulose
Can stretch!

26. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape
1˚ wall made first
mainly cellulose
Can stretch!
2˚ wall made after growth stops

27. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape
1˚ wall made first
mainly cellulose
Can stretch!
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Lignins make it tough

28. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape
1˚ wall made first
mainly cellulose
Can stretch!
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Lignins make it tough

29. Cell walls
1˚ wall made first
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Lignins make it tough
Problem for "cellulosic
Ethanol" from whole
plants
Middle lamella = space
between 2 cells

30. Cell walls
1˚ wall made first
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Middle lamella = space
between 2 cells
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls
that link cells

31. Cell Walls
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
Lined with plasma membrane

32. Cell Walls
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
Lined with plasma membrane
Desmotubule joins ER of both cells

33. Cell Walls
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
Lined with plasma membrane
Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!

34. Types of Organelles
1) Endomembrane System
2) Putative endosymbionts

35. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER

36. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER
transport is in vesicles

37. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER
transport is in vesicles
proteins & lipids are
glycosylated

38. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
5) Nuclear
Envelope
6) Endosome
7) Oleosomes

39. ER
Network of membranes t/out cell
2 types: SER & RER

40. SER
tubules that lack ribosomes
fns:
Lipid syn
Steroid syn
drug detox
storing Ca2+
Glycogen
catabolism

41. RER
Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes
1˚ fn = protein synthesis
-> ribosomes are making proteins

42. ER
SER & RER make new membrane!

43. GOLGI COMPLEX
Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER

44. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack

45. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!

46. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!
Protein’s address is
built in

47. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1)digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles

48. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1)digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage

49. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage
3) turgor: push plasma
membrane against
cell wall

50. VACUOLES
Vacuoles are subdivided:
lytic vacuoles are distinct
from storage vacuoles!

51. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell

52. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell
Lipids form
barrier
Proteins transport
objects & info

53. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER

54. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores

55. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import

56. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import
new one for export

57. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein

58. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin
fns = information storage & retrieval
Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)

59. Endomembrane System
Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane
Fn: sorting materials
& recycling receptors

60. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

61. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!