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Types of Reproduction & Development
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Sexual Reproduction The fusion of reproductive cells from two separate individuals to form a new offspring. Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from each parent. Offspring Parent
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Internal vs. External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization occurs inside the body.
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Internal vs. External Fertilization
External Fertilization occurs outside the body.
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Internal vs. External Fertilization
REMINDER!!! Sperm + Egg Zygote Zygote = “the fertilized egg”
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Internal vs. External Development
Internal Development occurs inside the body of the mother.
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Internal vs. External Development
External Development occurs outside the body of the mother.
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Human Development Differentiation: Point in human development where certain genes turn on and others turn off. This causes different cells to develop special functions (Specialization).
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TWINS!!! Fraternal Twins – two eggs released during ovulation and both are fertilized by different sperm producing two different embryos. Identical Twins – one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, but the zygote splits in half producing two identical embryos.
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Asexual Reproduction The production of two genetically identical offspring from a single parent Single-celled organisms can ONLY reproduce asexually No sperm or egg cell involved Parent Offspring
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission (amoeba)
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding (Hydra)
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration
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Cell Division Mitosis & Meiosis
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Cell Division Vocabulary Words
DNA – carries the genetic information of the cell Nucleus – stores DNA Chromosomes – threadlike structure of condensed DNA that contains an individual’s genes Homologous Pair – a pair of matching chromosomes, one inherited from each parent 23 homologous pairs in humans = 46 total chromosomes
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Cell Division Vocabulary Words
Diploid – number of chromosomes in all somatic cells (2n) For humans, diploid is 46 Haploid – number of chromosomes in all gametes (n) For humans, haploid is 23 Parent Cell- what you start with Daughter Cell – the product Somatic Cell – a body cell. Any cell other than egg/sperm Gamete – a sex cell (egg or sperm)
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Mitosis Making exact copies of cells (Cell Division)
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Mitosis Purpose: growth and repair
One diploid parent cell produces two identical diploid daughter cells. Mitosis = Asexual Reproduction of cells
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Meiosis Making sex cells (sperm and egg)
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Meiosis Purpose: making gametes
One diploid parent cell produces four different haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell is unique and different from the parent cell AND the other daughter cells.
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Meiosis Also called “gametogenesis” Males = Make 4 Sperm Cells
Females = Make 1 Egg Cell & 3 Polar Bodies
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Crossing Over During Meiosis, some information on the chromosomes may switch between homologous pairs. This results in genetic variation.
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Human Development
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Interphase DNA duplication occurs to prepare for cell division.
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Prophase DNA forms into chromosomes and centrioles move to opposite ends of nucleus.
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Metaphase Chromosomes line up in center of cell and spindle fibers from centrioles attach.
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Anaphase Chromosomes begin moving towards opposite ends of nucleus (pulled by centrioles).
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Telophase Chromosomes reach opposite sides and cleavage occurs, forming two identical daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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Mitosis
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