1. Chapter 10 The Muslim World

2. Why study the Muslim world?
~1/5 of the world (>one billion people) are Muslims
Islam is 2nd most widely followed religion
Modern conflicts of Muslims, Christians, and Jews over land in Southwest Asia are rooted during this period
Division of Islam into Sunni, Shi’a, and Sufi that began under the Umayyads continues today

3. The Muslim World
Essential Question: How did Islam and the achievements of the Muslim world spread between 600 and 1250 AD?

4. The Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is harsh with vast desert interior.
People lived as Bedouins, nomadic Arab people.They moved their herds between scattered oases.
The tribes were polytheistic.

5. If people can’t farm they have to trade…
On the route of the Silk Road
Traded: Horses, Thoroughbred Camels, Ostriches, & Tanned Hides

6. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes
On the Arabian Peninsula, Bedouin (Arab Nomad) tribes organize into clans. Their Ideals of courage and loyalty to family would become part of culture.
By the 600’s trade routes connected Arabs to the major ocean and land trade routes. Trade extended as far as the silk road would allow.

7. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes
Mecca
Home of the ancient shrine called the Ka’aba (supposedly built by Abraham).
The building was used for a peace meeting between different clans/tribes and polytheistic worship.
Muhammad was born in Mecca - AD 570.

8. The Prophet Muhammad Born into a powerful Meccan family.
He became an orphan by age 6
He married a wealthy merchant, Khadijab
He practiced meditation
Around the age of 40, he believed that he received a call from the Angel Gabriel to proclaim him the messenger of Allah.

9. Basis of Islam
Islam originated in the Middle East around 622 AD with the Prophet, Muhammad.
Muhammad was born in Mecca and traveled to Medina in a journey called the hijra (hegira), that became the founding of Islam.
Muslim worshippers follow scriptures called the Qur'an, or Koran. The collection of Islamic laws is also known as the Sharia.

10. A religion emerges…Islam
Muhammad the Messenger
Prophet of Islam who Muslims-(those who surrender to God) recognize as Allah’s messenger to all humankind. His teachings form the basis of Islam.
Muhammad’s Revelations
“Allah was the one and only true and all-powerful God.”
(Guidelines) How people should live.

11. The Hijrah
After some of his followers were attacked, Muhammad leaves Mecca for a city called Yatrib (later, name changed to Medina), 200 miles north.
This migration is called, Hijrah.
He attracts many followers along the way.
Muhammad unites Arabs, Jews and his people in Medina and becomes a political leader.

12. Return to Mecca
630 – Muhammad returns to Mecca with an army of 10,000 men.
Mecca surrenders, Muhammad destroys the idols in the Ka’aba.
Muhammad dies at the age of 62.
He made great strides towards unifying the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam.

13. Five Pillars of Islam Faith: Faith in one God “Allah” – Monotheism
Prayer: Five times daily prayer towards Mecca
Charity/Alms: Help the poor (giving alms)
Fasting: during the holy month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage: to the holy city of Mecca (hajj)

14. Islamic Guidelines Forbidden to eat pork No alocholic beverages
Must wash themselves before prayer (must be pure before praying to God)
Prohibition of murder, lying, and stealing
Jihad- struggle for the faith
Islam views Christianity has taken the wrong path because we worship Jesus.

15. Sunna and Sharia (Legal & Ethical Systems)
Legal system that reflects the various rules by which all Muslims should live.
Sunna
“means tradition”
Includes hundreds of individual lessons or reports on Muhammad's actions and examples of living. Written in the Qur’an.

16. People of the Book – Christians & Jews
Christianity, Judaism, & Islam are all monotheistic.
“The Qur’an teaches that Allah is the same as God in the Jewish and Christian traditions.

17. 12-15-16 Spiral, writing utensil Bellwork:
Write a 3 line summary of your notes from yesterday!

18. Spread of Islam - Caliphs
Muhammad dies in 632 and many question who should follow him.
Abu Bakr- chosen as Muhammad’s successor or “caliph”
Caliphate- area ruled by a caliph
Expansion of territory included:
Persian Empire (642 AD) completely crushed
Byzantine Empire (642 AD) – Eastern half of Roman Empire, conquered only some of the territory.

19. Caliphs
Several southern tribes abandoned Islam leading Abu-Bakr to invoke Jihad
Jihad in the Quran refers to an inner struggle against evil, but Bakr applies it to rationalize the re-conquering of former and false Islamists, as well as geographic expansion. Including North Africa, Syria, and parts of the Byzantine Empire … basically an “armed struggle against unbelievers and a justification for expansion”

20. Spread of Islam

21. Islamic Schism Islamic faith splits as a result of Umayyad rule.
The majority accepted them (Sunni, followers of Muhammad’s example)
The group that resisted was called the Shi’a who believed that the Caliph (ruler) needed to be descended from Muhammad.
Sufis is a third group *very small*
Seek a mystical, personal connection with God.
Breath Control & Meditation

23. Umayyads Caliphate
The Umayyad family comes to power and moves the Muslim capital to Damascus.
The move away from Mecca makes controlling conquered territories easier but the old order hates the move and fears it to far from the holy land.
Make Arabic official language.
Made coinage uniform throughout empire.
Question: The Umayyad family was not descended from the Prophet, who were they supported by? --- Sunni
Sunni

24. Expansion of Territory
Red – Expansion under Muhammad ( )
Orange – Rashidun Caliphate ( )
Gold - Umayyad Caliphate ( )

25. Abbasids Caliphate
Took power in 750, killing off the rest of the Umayyad family.
One member of the Umayyad family escapes to Spain and sets up a Caliphate in Spain.
The Abbasids consolidate power by moving to a new, central city called Baghdad the location was GEOGRAPHICALLY important!
Center of trade routes.
Mongols end this caliphate

26. Fatimid Caliphate (909 – 1171 AD)
The Fatimid caliphate was set up by Shi’a Muslims who claim lineage from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima.
The empire would stretch from North Africa across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria.

27. End of Unity *** do not have to write down! Just Read!
969- Fatimid Caliphate reaches height of power.
1055- Seljuk Turks take control of Baghdad.
1071- Turks defeat Byzantines and take control of most of Anatolia.
1085- Toledo, Spain falls to Christians
1099- Jerusalem falls to Crusaders
1250- Mamluks come to power in Egypt & Syria
1258- Mongols capture Baghdad and overthrow the Abbasid Caliphate.

28. Muslim Society Social Classes: Upper: Muslims at birth
2nd Class: Converts to Islam
3rd Class: “Protected people” - Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians
Lowest Class: Slaves - mostly prisoners of war and all were non-Muslims… did household work or fought in the military

29. Role of Women
The Qur’an says “Men are the managers of the affairs of women” - Men are head of household
However, the Qur’an also declares that men and women as believers, are equal.
Women had equal status regarding the laws.
Could inherit property and seek divorce.
In early Islam days, women could participate in public life and gain an education
Over time, women were forced to live isolated lives and expected to be veiled in public

30. Muslim Achievements Astronomy and Mathematics
Astrolabe- an instrument for finding the positions and movements of stars and planets.
Calculated longitude and latitude any time of day.
Helped to determine proximity to Mecca.

31. Achievements cont…
Medicine – diagnose diseases such as small pox and measles
Islamic Art (Calligraphy- beautifully styled writing)
Architecture
(Dome of the Rock)
One of the most revered sites
Located in Jerusalem
Spot were Muhammad ascended to heaven

32. Important Ideas
Mohammed founded Islam on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century.
The Quran is the sacred book of Islam. It records the teaching of Mohammed.
Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam.
Islam rapidly spread through the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain. Islamic culture flourished under the caliphates. Islamic scholars made important contributions in mathematics, science, and architecture.

34. Wrap-up Islam & politics - https://youtu.be/ka8csjsmX6I
Islam & politics
Sunni and Shi’a Split
Differences of Sunni and Shi’a: