1. Citators & Headnotes
11,698,389 cases On Westlaw 14,000,000 cases on Lexis Advance

2. Stuart Sutton, Managing Legal Information: A Model of Institutional Memory Based on User Cognitive Maps (1991).

3. Verify status of your case Let you into a research universe
Citation Systems
Verify status of your case
Let you into a research universe

4. The Authority of Supreme Court Precedent, James H
The Authority of Supreme Court Precedent, James H. Fowler and Sangick Jeon. Social Networks, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 2008.

5. Real-World Applications – Airline Hubs

6. How Citation Networks Grow
Real Time Networks

7. Shepard's & KeyCite Caselaw
Strong negative history or treatment Questions precedential value History or treatment may have significant negative impact Positive treatment Neutral citations only Citing references (law reviews)have no treatment codes Shepard’s Alert
No longer good law for at least one point of law
Some negative history
Case appealed
Some history
Citing references only
KeyCite Alert

8. Comparing the Systems

9. Shepard's & KeyCite
Cases (published and unpublished) US Code & Constitution State codes CFR Law reviews Patents Restatements Selected AG opinions Court rules Selected regulatory decisions
Cases (published and unpublished)
US Code & Constitution
State codes
CFR
Law reviews
Patents & Trademarks
Restatements
West Treatises
Court rules
Selected regulatory decisions (all IRS)

10. Shepard's & KeyCite Currency
Lexis receives a case about 2 weeks after the decision.
Shepard’s – editorial analysis is available hours after a case decision is published online.
Westlaw receives cases without enhancements within hours. Enhancements can take up to 72 hours.
KeyCite – direct history is added within 1 to 4 hours after West receives the opinion. Citing cases are added to KeyCite as soon as they are added to Westlaw.

11. Accuracy

12. Shepard’s versus KeyCite
Completeness
Shepard’s versus KeyCite

13. Headnotes in Cases

14. Citators

15. Percentage of Overlap
33%

16. Shepard's & KeyCite Statutes & Regulations
Amended or repealed
Pending legislation Federal Register
Does not use signals
Statutes
Does not use signals
Regulations
Does not use signals Federal Register

17. Bloomberg Law’s BCite and Smartcode
Cases only
Uses algorithm
Smartcode
Uses machine learning
US Code
CFR
Federal Rules
State statutes
Positive treatment
Distinguished
Negative treatment
Superseded by statute Caution