1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2. Medieval View of Science
Before 1500, people thought whatever the bible or ancient philosophers said must be true
Teachings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen
“Science” is based on common sense and reason – basic thinking (Moon appears to be moving around the earth, earth must be center of universe; witches, huh?)

3. Geocentric Theory Geocentric theory
Earth is the center of the universe
According to the belief, the sun, moon and other planets revolved around the earth
Common sense supported that view- it seemed the sun rises and sets everyday
Geocentric theory
Aristotle and Ptolemy
Church support; God placed earth in center

5. Geocentric Model
Ptolemy’s
Geocentric theory

6. Major Movements brew something new…
The Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiosity
People started questioning things; nature, human ability, religion
Inventions; Printing press!
The Reformation encouraged leaders to challenge the accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation
Age of Discovery – tools needed for exploration; astronomy and mathematics needed for travel; thoughts of discovery in all fields!

7. New Way of Thinking Scientific Revolution!!
Scholars/Philosophers publish works challenging classic thought in the 1500’s
Knowledge can help people/society!!!!
Scientific Revolution!!
Challenging accepted beliefs
New ways of thinking of the natural world
Use of observation, experimentation, logical reasoning
Question everything! Nothing accepted to be true

8. Nicolaus Copernicus
First major challenge to the old ways of thinking was in astronomy
Polish cleric, studied planetary movements for 25 years
1543, published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies”
Stated new theory “heliocentric theory”

10. Heliocentrism Takes Hold
Numerous scientists added to Copernicus’ theory
Tycho Brahe recorded the movements of planets for many years; collected data, but did not publish
Brahe’s assistant, Johannes Kepler proved Copernicus’s theory was true through mathematics
Proved that the planets rotated around the earth in elliptically, not in circles

11. Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler’s view of solar system

12. Galileo Galilei Italian scientist Many new laws and theories
Law of the pendulum and early ideas on inertia (both challenged Aristotle’s beliefs)
Built improved telescope, began to look at the “heavens” in 1609
Discoveries of the heavens published in Starry Messenger (1610)
Jupiter has 4 moons
Sun has “sun spots”
Moon is not smooth (challenges Aristotle's belief of “pure substances”
Defends heliocentrism

14. The Church Takes Notice
Catholic and Protestant leaders learn of his findings….
Findings completely challenge church doctrine and beliefs
Church afraid that this will undermine their authority
If they are wrong about this, then they can be wrong about everything, right…?
1616, church issues warning to Galileo, stop it!
1632, Galileo publishes “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” – supports Copernicus
Pope Urban VIII angrily calls him to Rome, orders an Inquisition
Under threats of torture and death, he recants his findings. Why?
Dies on house arrest in 1642
However, his books had already started to spread his ideas!

16. The Scientific Method
Early thinking in astronomy leads to the birth of the scientific method
The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes perfected the method

17. Francis Bacon
Bacon believed that lives could improve through science and knowledge
As an English politician and writer, he attacked the ideas of ancient thinkers, and urged scientists to experiment
Created Empiricism
experimental method
Use experiments and observations, then draw conclusions

18. Rene Descartes Early Enlightenment Philosopher, scientist
Was a skeptic, believed there is truth in nothing until proven by logic and math; use of reason
Developed analytical geometry to prove his theories
The only thing he knew for certain was that he existed-because, as he wrote, “I think, therefore I am”

19. Newton’s Law of Gravity
Studied math and physics at Cambridge; brilliant man
By 26, belief that all objects are affected by same physical force
Great discovery, the movement of that force affects/rules everything in the universe
Law of universal gravitation
Every object in the universe attracts everything other object
The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

21. World Forever Changed
In 1687, Newton published his ideas in a work called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
In the book he described the universe as a giant clock, with all parts working together and was explained mathematically
Credited God as the “clockmaker”
Argued to be greatest scientific discovery ever made – opinion?

23. Revolution Spreads – Tools of the Trade
1590- first microscope developed by Dutch eyeglass maker, Zacharias Janssen
1670s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe red blood cells and bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings
1643- Evangelista Torricelli developed first barometer
1714- Gabriel Fahrenheit creates a glass mercury thermometer (32 degrees is freezing!)

25. Medicine and the Human Body
During Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact, the writings of ancient Greek physician Galen
Galen had never dissected a human being, but studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals
Galen assumed the anatomy of a human was the same
Medicine based off of a balance of four humors
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

27. Andreas Vesalius Flemish physician
Dissects humans to study the body, crushes Galen’s findings
1543, publishes “On the Structure of the Human Body”
Large amount of diagrams of human organs, skeletal system, and muscles

29. Vaccines
1700’s, British doctor Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox
Smallpox inoculation already existed, but was dangerous (used smallpox)
Jenner used cowpox, a milder strain

31. Chemistry is Born Robert Boyle – “Father of Chemistry”
1661, published “The Skeptical Chemist”
Challenged Aristotle's belief that physical world is made of four elements: earth, wind, water, and fire
Instead, matter is made of small particles that join and effect each other

32. Science Births the Enlightenment
Other scholars and philosophers applied a scientific approach to other areas of life
They believed themselves to be rationale, methodical, and industrious- or enlightened
These people would become the leaders of an intellectual movement called The Enlightenment