1. Schizophrenia revision

2. Prognosis Positive symptoms- addition hallucinations, dellusions
Negative symptoms- taken away speech poverty
Diagnosis- DSM 6 months and ICD 1 month
Two stages- prodronal first month of development and active the main stage. The symptoms can be different at each stage

3. Reliability- how consistent
Test retest
Inter-rater reliability
Client and clinician effect the results
Evaluation
Cultural biased
164B 134A diagnosed with SZ. 69% A diagnosed 2%B diagnosed
Manual differences
Improvements made to the manuals

4. Validity- how accurate
Descriptive
Prescriptive
Co-morbidity
Evaluation
Cultural biased- more African Americans diagnosed yet less of them have SZ
Manual differences

5. Cognitive explanation
Central monitoring system- thoughts and actions are our own- leads to hallucinations
Supervisory attention system- initiating thoughts and actions leads to catatonic state
Evaluation
Frith and done- self initiating actions. SZ worse than non SZ at completing these tasks.
Negative based on correlation of cause of effect
Research lacks mundane realism

6. Biological- genetics
Inheritance- the closer the genetic bond the higher the chance of developing SZ
Candidate genes- many different genes have seen to cause the development of SZ
Evaluation
Cardano twins diagnosed using a strict diagnostic manual. MZ 22% diagnostic DZ0%.
Weak correlation suggest too simplistic
Fails to consider other factors

7. Biological dopamine
Dopamine responsible for the neurotransmitter activity
Hyperdopaminergia- over activity in the sub cortex positive symptoms hallucinations
Hypodopaminergia- underactivity in the prefrontal cortex leading to negative symptoms catatonic state
Evaluation
Parkinsons uses drug treatment. Parkinsons related to low activity in the brain. Treated with increased dopamine. People develop symptoms of SZ. Provides support
Effective drug treatment developed from the theory
Too simplistic

8. Neural correlates
patterns of brain structure in conjunction with an event
Negative symptoms as a result of lower activity in the ventral straithum. This is involved in the anticipation of rewards
Positive symptoms had links to lower activity in the super temporal gyrus
Evaluation
Juckel negative corrolation between activity and negative symptoms
Biochemical structure may be involved in the development of SZ
Based on corrolations

9. Psychological
Dysfunctional family- schizophrenagenic mother characterized by cold rejecting parents lead to secrecy the child is often placed in a double blind situation.
High expressed emotions may cause a relapse in SZ.
Leads to paranoid delusions don’t know how to act and social distrust
The onset of stress is also said to trigger SZ.
Evaluation
Research shows that parents of a schizophrenic will behave differently to a child with a different disorder proving the theory.
Too simplistic
Cant blame the mother socially sensitive
Metholodgical issues of an observation

10. Psychological treatment
CBT aims to discuss and challenge to reform thoughts before reconstructing and role playing.
Evaluation
Effective long term treatment and treats the cause
Effective combination with drug treatment to reduce the symptoms
Doesn’t work for all patients
Family therapy reduce the stress in the environment to reduce the triggering of SZ
evaluation
Reduces the relapse rate and admissions to hospital
Requires enthusiastic therapists to conduct the therapy
Requires the whole family to commit to the treatment
Takes into account the environment unlike other treatments

11. Biological treatments
Typical drugs- use a block on receptor sites to stop the reuptake of dopamine. Aims to increase the amount of dopamine
Atypical antipsychotics use a hit and run approach temporarily blocking the receptor sites better at treating negative symptoms with less side effects
Evaluation
All of these have side effects such as face spasms
Thornley looked at the effects of the drug treatments from 13 studied on patients of the drug chlorpromazine. Patients from 3 studies showed 512 patients with lower symptoms.
These are only a chemical straightjacket and only reduce the effects of the drugs.

12. Token economy Used to manage SZ.
People given rewards based on behavior to reduce the effects of SZ and the management of it.
Evaluation
Research used in an institution found that the number of chores increased when token economy was introduced.
Effective management strategy
Need to be updated so that the rewards are seen as worthwhile

13. Diathesis stress model
Diathesis- is the biological or psychological stresser that is the cause of SZ
The stressor is the cause or trigger of the SZ. This could be environmental or psychological
Evaluation
More complete
Not deterministic either bio or psycho
Combination treatment