1. India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO)
ICAL
( conceptual)
INO Peak at
Bodi West Hills
Naba K Mondal, TIFR
For INO collaboration
RPC Test stand at TIFR
2mX2m RPC Test Stand at TIFR
Prototype ICAL at VECC
ASIC for RPC designed at BARC

2. Kolar Gold Fields Underground Laboratory
India had a long tradition of carrying out experiments deep underground.
KGF laboratory was the deepest underground laboratory in the world till 1992.
First atmospheric neutrino was detected at KGF at a depth of 2.3km way back in 1965 by the TIFR-Osaka-Durham group.
During early 80s dedicated detectors were setup at KGF by TIFR-Osaka collaboration to look for proton decay.

3. Atmospheric neutrino detection in 1965
Physics Letters 18, (1965) 196, dated 15th Aug 1965
Atmospheric neutrino detector
at Kolar Gold Field –1965

4. INO : Salient Features
Underground laboratory with ~1 km all-round rock cover accessed through a 1.9 km long tunnel. A large and several smaller caverns to facilitate many experimental programs.
Frontline neutrino issues e.g., mass parameters and other properties, will be explored in a manner complementary to ongoing efforts worldwide.
The ICAL detector, with its charge identification ability, will be able to address questions about the neutrino mixing parameter space.
Distance from CERN (Switzerland) and JPARC (Japan) ~ 7000 km, close to “magic baseline” for experiments with neutrino beams in a few decade from now
Will support several other experiments when operational. Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay and Dark Matter Search experiments foreseen in the immediate future.
Looking for International participation.

5. INO Project components
Construction of an underground laboratory and surface facilities near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu.
Construction of the massive 50 kton magnetised Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector to study properties of neutrinos.
Construction of the INO centre- The National Centre for High Energy Physics (NCHEP) at Madurai.
Human Resource Development ( INO Graduate Training Program)
Detector R & D
Projected to be completed within Six Years ( )

6. INO site at Pottipuram Environment and Forest Clearance obtained.
26 hectors of land provided by the local government
to construct the surface facilities.
Flat terrain with good access road.
Low rainfall and low humidity

7. Underground Laboratory Layout
The cavern is set under 1589 m peak with vertical rock cover of 1289 m.
Accessible through a 2 km long tunnel
Cavern -1 will host 50 kt ICAL detector. Space available for additional 50 kt.
Cavern-2 & 3 available for other experiments.

8. A large mass detector with charge identification capability
INO-ICAL Experiment
A large mass detector with charge identification capability
Physics goal:
Reconfirm atmospheric neutrino oscillation.
Improved measurement of oscillation parameters
Search for potential matter effect in neutrino oscillation.
Determining the sign of Dm223 using matter effect
Measuring deviation from maximal mixing for q23
Probing CP and CPT violation.
Constraining long range leptonic forces.
Ultra high energy neutrinos and muons.

9. INO-ICAL Detector

10. Construction of the ICAL detector10

11. Disappearance of Vs. L/E
The disappearance probability can be measured with a single detector and two equal sources:
= P(nm  nm; L/E)
N up(L/E)
N down(L’/E)
= 1 - sin2 (2Q) sin2 (1.27 Dm2 L/E)

12. Atmospheric Parameters with INO ICAL

13. Mass hierarchy with INO-ICAL
Inverted hierarchy
Normal hierarchy
Events generated with NUANCE and ICAL resolutions in E and cosqZenith

14. Beyond Superbeam - Neutrino Factory
7000 KM

15. INO-ICAL Phase 1 Neutrino Source Detector Choice
Need to cover a large L/E range
Large L range
Large En Range
Use Atmospheric neutrinos as source
Detector Choice
Should have large target mass ( kT)
Good tracking and Energy resolution ( tracking calorimeter)
Good directionality ( <= 1 nsec time resolution )
Charge identification
Ease of construction
Modularity
Complimentarity with other existing and proposed detectors
Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium
Iron Calorimeter (ICAL)

16. Construction of RPC Two 2 mm thick float Glass
Separated by 2 mm spacer
2 mm thick spacer
Pickup strips
Glass plates
Resistive coating on the outer surfaces of glass

17. Making of 2m x 2m RPCs

18. RPC fabrication at Asahi Float Glass Co.

19. Prototype Glass RPC Stack at TIFR tracking Muons19

20. 2m x 2m glass RPC test stand

21. Some interesting cosmic ray tracks

22. Study of RPC performance using cosmic muons
Strip Multiplicity due to crossing muons
Track residue in mm
Image of a RPC using muons
Strip noise rate vs time

23. Prototype Magnet with RPC layers

25. ICAL Front End Electronics chip developed at BARC Electronics Division

26. Simulation Framework Neutrino Event Generation NUANCE Event Simulation
νa+ X -> A + B + ...
Generates particles that result from a random interaction of a neutrino with matter using theoretical models .
Output:
i) Reaction Channel
ii) Vertex Information
Iii) Energy & Momentum of all Particles
NUANCE
Output:
i) x,y,z,t of the particles at their interaction point in detector
ii) Energy deposited
iii) Momentum information
Event Simulation
A + B through RPCs + Mag.Field
Simulate propagation of particles through the detector (RPCs + Magnetic Field)
GEANT
Event Digitisation
(x,y,z,t) of A + B noise + detector efficiency
Add detector efficiency and noise to the hits
Output:
i) Digitised output of the previous stage (simulation)
Event Reconstruction
(E,p) of ν + X = (E,p) of A + B + ...
Fit the tracks of A + B to get their energy and
momentum.
Output:
i) Energy & Momentum of the
initial neutrino

27. Human Resource development & Training
INO Training School:
We have already started INO graduate training program from August 2008.
Affiliated to HBNI.
At present INO students are being trained for one year at TIFR, Mumbai in both experimental techniques and theory.
Being attached to Ph.D. guides at various collaborating institutions for a Ph. D. degree after completion of coursework
Many Short/long term visits to RPC labs ( Mumbai & Kolkata) of students and faculties from Universities in last several years.
2009
2008 27

28. PERT CHART

29. Current status RPC development - Electronics- Magnet- Human Resource-
Full size RPCs (2m X 2m) are now being fabricated not only in our lab but also by the Industry.
Electronics-
First batch of ASIC front end designed by the INO electronics team and fabricated by Euro Practice IC Services being tested in the RPC lab. DAQ design report is ready.
Magnet-
One prototype magnet is running. Anther Engineering module with full size steel plates will be constructed soon.
Human Resource-
Graduate Training Programme for the last four years within HBNI
INO Site-
Environment & Forest clearances obtained.
26 hectares of land at INO site for surface facilities at the site and 12 hectares at Madurai city provided to us by the local government.
Civil construction to start soon.

30. Thank You
Thank you