1. Samantha J. Birch Biology 493 14 June 2002
The Effect of Temperature on the Secretion of Immunoglobulin A in Human Saliva.
Samantha J. Birch
Biology 493
14 June 2002

2. Immunoglobulin A Introduction:
breast milk, tears, mucous in bronchial, urogenital, digestive tract
most plentiful antibody in the body
general marker of immunocompetency
defends against Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, polio, influenza, reovirus
prevent microbes from attaching to and penetrating the mucosal surface

3. Immunoglobulins in the Saliva
Introduction:
Immunoglobulins in the Saliva
main component of immune system in saliva
salivary flow & IgA concentration are related
influenced by neural and endocrine pathways
both are impacted by food ingestion, drugs, smoking, body position, exercise, and hydration

4. Intellectual and Mental Activities
Introduction:
Intellectual and Mental Activities
short-term stress lowered IgA levels
high levels of pleasure and low levels of guilt raised IgA levels
relaxation exercises heightened IgA levels
mental arithmetic test increased IgA levels
listening to music (smooth jazz) boosted IgA levels
positive emotional arousal, positive mood, pleasurable social activity associated with vocal performance elevated IgA levels
viewing of humorous movies increased IgA levels

5. Routine physical activity & structured exercise
Introduction:
Routine physical activity & structured exercise
individuals participating in regular recreational activities and sports had lower IgA concentrations compared to sedentary individuals
single weight-lifting workout resulted in 25% increase
overall levels did not change over a ten week weight training program
chewing (reflex stimulation of salivary glands) intensified IgA secretion and levels remained elevated four-fold

6. Introduction:
food and liquid intake effect salivary flow and IgA concentration
previous studies have not concentrated on these effects
This study focused on the effects of the temperature of an ingested liquid on secretion of immunoglobulin A.

7. Materials and Methods:
A preliminary ELISA was done to determine the proper dilutions for the antigen, saliva, and anti-IgA.
Participants
college-aged individuals of both sexes
Hot water
nine females aged 20-29
eight males aged 21-26
Cold water
nine females aged 18-23
nine males aged 18-23

8. Materials and Methods:
Saliva Collections
baseline salvia sample taken from each individual and immediately frozen for later examination
each individual then consumed either eight ounces of cold water at 5°C or hot water at 55°C
five minutes after consumption, a second saliva sample was taken from all individuals
ELISAs (enzyme-link immunosorbent assay)
thawed samples run in triplicates, with control plated for each separate sample measuring only reaction of saliva without the antigen.
individuals who did not produce enough saliva were not plated.
saliva from six individuals on each plate, six plates were run

9. ELISAs Materials and Methods:
primary antigen, anti-human IgA, diluted 1:1000 plated first
bovine serum albumin plated next
anitbody (saliva) diluted 1:2 plated subsequently
anti-human IgA peroxidase conjugate diluted 1:5000 plated last

10. Materials and Methods:
bound IgA detected using 3,3’,5,5”-tetramethyl-benzidine (TMB)
reaction stopped after three minutes, colormetric change measured by absorbance

11. Results:
Preliminary ELISA

12. Results:
21 of 35 individuals showed increase in IgA levels after consumption of water, which is in accordance with previous research
14 individuals did not show an IgA increase, which may be a result of individual variation
after consumption of hot water, 12 of 17 individuals increased IgA production, 5 individuals decreased
after cold water consumption, 9 individuals experienced IgA decrease, 9 showed increase

13. Results:

14. Results:

15. Results:
A paired t-test showed that the difference between the IgA change with hot or cold water was not statistically significant (0.24), although it was noticeable.
Hot water consumers showed a slight increase in IgA levels.
Cold water consumers showed no increase or a very slight decrease.
These levels did not show that IgA fluctuates because of variance in temperature.
Temperature not a deciding factor in secretion levels.
Individual variation may play a greater role in secretion levels than do outside factors.

16. Acknowledgements: Dr. Oba
Dr. Winget, Dr. Goodwill, Dr. Paul, Dr. Day, Bro. Bruner
Saliva donators

17. Any Questions?????????