1. 순천향대학교 전산학과 2002. 10. 8 홍종국(siro1hope@hanmail.net)
SimpleScalar 예제 프로그램
순천향대학교 전산학과

2. C 예제 File facctorial.c #include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int val);
main() {
int inval=3, outval;
outval = factorial(inval);
printf(“%d factorial = %d\n”, inval, outval); }
컴퓨터구조특론 I

3. C 예제 File int factorial(int val) { if(val == 1) return 1; else
return (val * factorial(val-1)); }
컴퓨터구조특론 I

4. 컴파일
.file 1 "factorial.c"
# GNU C [AL 1.1, MM 40, tma 0.1] SimpleScalar running sstrix compiled by GNU C
# Cc1 defaults:
# -mgas -mgpOPT
# Cc1 arguments (-G value = 8, Cpu = default, ISA = 1):
# -quiet -dumpbase -o
gcc2_compiled.:
__gnu_compiled_c:
.rdata
.align 2
$LC0:
.ascii "%d factorial = %d\n\000"
.text
.globl factorial
.loc 1 5
컴퓨터구조특론 I

5. .ent main
main:
.frame $fp,32,$31 # vars= 8, regs= 2/0, args= 16, extra= 0
.mask 0xc ,-4
.fmask 0x ,0
subu $sp,$sp,32
sw $31,28($sp)
sw $fp,24($sp)
move $fp,$sp
jal __main
li $2,0x # 3
sw $2,16($fp)
lw $4,16($fp)
jal factorial
sw $2,20($fp)
la $4,$LC0
lw $5,16($fp)
lw $6,20($fp)
jal printf
컴퓨터구조특론 I

6. $L1:
move $sp,$fp # sp not trusted here
lw $31,28($sp)
lw $fp,24($sp)
addu $sp,$sp,32
j $31
.end main
.loc 1 12
.ent factorial
factorial:
.frame $fp,24,$31 # vars= 0, regs= 2/0, args= 16, extra= 0
.mask 0xc ,-4
.fmask 0x ,0
subu $sp,$sp,24
sw $31,20($sp)
sw $fp,16($sp)
move $fp,$sp
sw $4,24($fp)
lw $2,24($fp)
컴퓨터구조특론 I

7. li $3,0x # 1
bne $2,$3,$L3
li $2,0x # 1
j $L2
j $L4
$L3:
lw $3,24($fp)
subu $2,$3,1
move $4,$2
jal factorial
lw $4,24($fp)
mult $2,$4
mflo $3
move $2,$3
$L4:
$L2:
move $sp,$fp # sp not trusted here
lw $31,20($sp)
lw $fp,16($sp)
addu $sp,$sp,24
j $31
.end factoria
컴퓨터구조특론 I

8. Sim-safe 수행 ☞ /edu/simplesim-3.0/sim-saf factorial.ss
sim-safe: SimpleScalar/PISA Tool Set version 3.0 of November, 2000.
…..
# -config # load configuration from a file
# -dumpconfig # dump configuration to a file
# -h false # print help message
# -v false # verbose operation
# -d false # enable debug message
# -i false # start in Dlite debugger
-seed # random number generator seed (0 for timer seed)
# -q false # initialize and terminate immediately
# -chkpt <null> # restore EIO trace execution from <fname>
# -redir:sim <null> # redirect simulator output to file (non-interactive only)
# -redir:prog <null> # redirect simulated program output to file
-nice # simulator scheduling priority
-max:inst # maximum number of inst's to execute
컴퓨터구조특론 I

9. sim: ** starting functional simulation **
3 factorial = 6
sim: ** simulation statistics **
sim_num_insn # total number of instructions executed
sim_num_refs # total number of loads and stores executed
sim_elapsed_time # total simulation time in seconds
sim_inst_rate # simulation speed (in insts/sec)
ld_text_base x # program text (code) segment base
ld_text_size # program text (code) size in bytes
ld_data_base x # program initialized data segment base
ld_data_size # program init'ed `.data' and uninit'ed `.bss' size in bytes
ld_stack_base x7fffc000 # program stack segment base (highest address in stack)
ld_stack_size # program initial stack size
ld_prog_entry x # program entry point (initial PC)
ld_environ_base x7fff8000 # program environment base address address
ld_target_big_endian # target executable endian-ness, non-zero if big endian
mem.page_count # total number of pages allocated
mem.page_mem k # total size of memory pages allocated
mem.ptab_misses # total first level page table misses
mem.ptab_accesses # total page table accesses
mem.ptab_miss_rate # first level page table miss rate
컴퓨터구조특론 I

10. sim-outorder 수행
sim-outorder: SimpleScalar/PISA Tool Set version 3.0 of November, 2000. …
# -config # load configuration from a file
# -dumpconfig # dump configuration to a file
# -h false # print help message
# -v false # verbose operation
# -d false # enable debug message
# -i false # start in Dlite debugger
-seed # random number generator seed (0 for timer seed)
# -q false # initialize and terminate immediately
# -chkpt <null> # restore EIO trace execution from <fname>
# -redir:sim <null> # redirect simulator output to file (non-interactive only)
# -redir:prog <null> # redirect simulated program output to file
-nice # simulator scheduling priority
-max:inst # maximum number of inst's to execute
-fastfwd # number of insts skipped before timing starts
# -ptrace <null> # generate pipetrace, i.e., <fname|stdout|stderr> <range>
-fetch:ifqsize # instruction fetch queue size (in insts)
-fetch:mplat # extra branch mis-prediction latency
-fetch:speed # speed of front-end of machine relative to execution core
컴퓨터구조특론 I

11. sim: ** starting performance simulation **
3 factorial = 6
sim: ** simulation statistics **
sim_num_insn # total number of instructions committed
sim_num_refs # total number of loads and stores committed
sim_num_loads # total number of loads committed
sim_num_stores # total number of stores committed
sim_num_branches # total number of branches committed
sim_elapsed_time # total simulation time in seconds
sim_inst_rate # simulation speed (in insts/sec)
sim_total_insn # total number of instructions executed
sim_total_refs # total number of loads and stores executed
sim_total_loads # total number of loads executed
sim_total_stores # total number of stores executed
sim_total_branches # total number of branches executed
sim_cycle # total simulation time in cycles
sim_IPC # instructions per cycle
sim_CPI # cycles per instruction
sim_exec_BW # total instructions (mis-spec + committed) per cycle
sim_IPB # instruction per branch
IFQ_count # cumulative IFQ occupancy
IFQ_fcount # cumulative IFQ full count
ifq_occupancy # avg IFQ occupancy (insn's)
컴퓨터구조특론 I

12. ifq_rate 0.3292 # avg IFQ dispatch rate (insn/cycle)
ifq_latency # avg IFQ occupant latency (cycle's)
ifq_full # fraction of time (cycle's) IFQ was full
RUU_count # cumulative RUU occupancy
RUU_fcount # cumulative RUU full count
ruu_occupancy # avg RUU occupancy (insn's)
ruu_rate # avg RUU dispatch rate (insn/cycle)
ruu_latency # avg RUU occupant latency (cycle's)
ruu_full # fraction of time (cycle's) RUU was full
LSQ_count # cumulative LSQ occupancy
LSQ_fcount # cumulative LSQ full count
lsq_occupancy # avg LSQ occupancy (insn's)
lsq_rate # avg LSQ dispatch rate (insn/cycle)
lsq_latency # avg LSQ occupant latency (cycle's)
lsq_full # fraction of time (cycle's) LSQ was full
sim_slip # total number of slip cycles
avg_sim_slip # the average slip between issue and retirement
bpred_bimod.lookups # total number of bpred lookups
bpred_bimod.updates # total number of updates
bpred_bimod.addr_hits # total number of address-predicted hits
bpred_bimod.dir_hits # total number of direction-predicted hits (includes addr-hits)
bpred_bimod.misses # total number of misses
bpred_bimod.jr_hits # total number of address-predicted hits for JR's
컴퓨터구조특론 I

13. bpred_bimod.jr_seen 61 # total number of JR's seen
bpred_bimod.jr_non_ras_hits.PP # total number of address-predicted hits for non-RAS JR's
bpred_bimod.jr_non_ras_seen.PP # total number of non-RAS JR's seen
bpred_bimod.bpred_addr_rate # branch address-prediction rate (i.e., addr-hits/updates)
bpred_bimod.bpred_dir_rate # branch direction-prediction rate (i.e., all-hits/updates)
bpred_bimod.bpred_jr_rate # JR address-prediction rate (i.e., JR addr-hits/JRs seen)
bpred_bimod.bpred_jr_non_ras_rate.PP # non-RAS JR addr-pred rate (ie, non-RAS JR hits/JRs seen)
bpred_bimod.retstack_pushes # total number of address pushed onto ret-addr stack
bpred_bimod.retstack_pops # total number of address popped off of ret-addr stack
bpred_bimod.used_ras.PP # total number of RAS predictions used
bpred_bimod.ras_hits.PP # total number of RAS hits
bpred_bimod.ras_rate.PP # RAS prediction rate (i.e., RAS hits/used RAS)
il1.accesses # total number of accesses
il1.hits # total number of hits
il1.misses # total number of misses
il1.replacements # total number of replacements
il1.writebacks # total number of writebacks
il1.invalidations # total number of invalidations
il1.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
il1.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
컴퓨터구조특론 I

14. bpred_bimod.jr_seen 61 # total number of JR's seen
bpred_bimod.jr_non_ras_hits.PP # total number of address-predicted hits for non-RAS JR's
bpred_bimod.jr_non_ras_seen.PP # total number of non-RAS JR's seen
bpred_bimod.bpred_addr_rate # branch address-prediction rate (i.e., addr-hits/updates)
bpred_bimod.bpred_dir_rate # branch direction-prediction rate (i.e., all-hits/updates)
bpred_bimod.bpred_jr_rate # JR address-prediction rate (i.e., JR addr-hits/JRs seen)
bpred_bimod.bpred_jr_non_ras_rate.PP # non-RAS JR addr-pred rate (ie, non-RAS JR hits/JRs seen)
bpred_bimod.retstack_pushes # total number of address pushed onto ret-addr stack
bpred_bimod.retstack_pops # total number of address popped off of ret-addr stack
bpred_bimod.used_ras.PP # total number of RAS predictions used
bpred_bimod.ras_hits.PP # total number of RAS hits
bpred_bimod.ras_rate.PP # RAS prediction rate (i.e., RAS hits/used RAS)
il1.accesses # total number of accesses
il1.hits # total number of hits
il1.misses # total number of misses
il1.replacements # total number of replacements
il1.writebacks # total number of writebacks
il1.invalidations # total number of invalidations
il1.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
il1.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
컴퓨터구조특론 I

15. il1.wb_rate 0.0000 # writeback rate (i.e., wrbks/ref)
il1.inv_rate # invalidation rate (i.e., invs/ref)
dl1.accesses # total number of accesses
dl1.hits # total number of hits
dl1.misses # total number of misses
dl1.replacements # total number of replacements
dl1.writebacks # total number of writebacks
dl1.invalidations # total number of invalidations
dl1.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
dl1.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
dl1.wb_rate # writeback rate (i.e., wrbks/ref)
dl1.inv_rate # invalidation rate (i.e., invs/ref)
ul2.accesses # total number of accesses
ul2.hits # total number of hits
ul2.misses # total number of misses
ul2.replacements # total number of replacements
ul2.writebacks # total number of writebacks
ul2.invalidations # total number of invalidations
ul2.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
ul2.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
ul2.wb_rate # writeback rate (i.e., wrbks/ref)
ul2.inv_rate # invalidation rate (i.e., invs/ref)
itlb.accesses # total number of accesses
itlb.hits # total number of hits
itlb.misses # total number of misses
itlb.replacements # total number of replacements
컴퓨터구조특론 I

16. itlb.writebacks 0 # total number of writebacks
itlb.invalidations # total number of invalidations
itlb.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
itlb.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
itlb.wb_rate # writeback rate (i.e., wrbks/ref)
itlb.inv_rate # invalidation rate (i.e., invs/ref)
dtlb.accesses # total number of accesses
dtlb.hits # total number of hits
dtlb.misses # total number of misses
dtlb.replacements # total number of replacements
dtlb.writebacks # total number of writebacks
dtlb.invalidations # total number of invalidations
dtlb.miss_rate # miss rate (i.e., misses/ref)
dtlb.repl_rate # replacement rate (i.e., repls/ref)
dtlb.wb_rate # writeback rate (i.e., wrbks/ref)
dtlb.inv_rate # invalidation rate (i.e., invs/ref)
sim_invalid_addrs # total non-speculative bogus addresses seen (debug var)
ld_text_base x # program text (code) segment base
ld_text_size # program text (code) size in bytes
ld_data_base x # program initialized data segment base
ld_data_size # program init'ed `.data' and uninit'ed `.bss' size in bytes
ld_stack_base x7fffc000 # program stack segment base (highest address in stack)
컴퓨터구조특론 I

17. ld_stack_size 16384 # program initial stack size
ld_prog_entry x # program entry point (initial PC)
ld_environ_base x7fff8000 # program environment base address address
ld_target_big_endian # target executable endian-ness, non-zero if big endian
mem.page_count # total number of pages allocated
mem.page_mem k # total size of memory pages allocated
mem.ptab_misses # total first level page table misses
mem.ptab_accesses # total page table accesses
mem.ptab_miss_rate # first level page table miss rate
컴퓨터구조특론 I

18. Dlite! 디버거 사용 – dlitefactorial.txt 참조
sim: ** starting functional simulation **
[ ] 0x : lw r16,0(r29)
DLite! > 0x004001f0: addiu r29,r29,-32
0x004001f8: sw r31,28(r29)
0x : sw r30,24(r29)
0x : addu r30,r0,r29
0x : jal x400508
0x : addiu r2,r0,3
0x : sw r2,16(r30)
0x : lw r4,16(r30)
0x : jal x400290
0x : sw r2,20(r30)
0x : lui r4,0x1000
0x : addiu r4,r4,0
0x : lw r5,16(r30)
0x : lw r6,20(r30)
0x : jal x400730
0x : addu r29,r0,r30
컴퓨터구조특론 I

19. DLite! > 0x : addiu r29,r29,-24
0x : sw r31,20(r29)
0x004002a0: sw r30,16(r29)
0x004002a8: addu r30,r0,r29
0x004002b0: sw r4,24(r30)
0x004002b8: lw r2,24(r30)
0x004002c0: addiu r3,r0,1
0x004002c8: bne r2,r3,0x4002e8
0x004002d0: addiu r2,r0,1
0x004002d8: j x400330
0x004002e0: j x400330
0x004002e8: lw r3,24(r30)
0x004002f0: addiu r2,r3,-1
0x004002f8: addu r4,r0,r2
0x : jal x400290
0x : lw r4,24(r30)
DLite! > 3 factorial = 6
컴퓨터구조특론 I