1. Nuclear Proliferation
I41005 Lee Taeho

2. Table of Contents. 1. Nuclear Proliferation
1.1. What is the nuclear proliferation?
2. States with Nuclear weapons
2.1. Which states have nuclear weapons?
3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
3.1. IAEA (International Organization)
3.2. NPT (International Treaty)
3.3. PSI (Global Initiative)
4. Question

3. 1. Nuclear Proliferation
1.1. What is the Nuclear Proliferation?
Definition
- The spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as Nuclear Weapon States by NPT.
What is meaning of Nuclear Proliferation to the state. [Pessimism]
Weak civilian control over the military in future nuclear armed states is likely to keep civilian government from reining in the military’s conflict-prone tendencies.
Nuclear Proliferation would really threaten our stability? [Optimism]
Pierre Marie Gallois 「The Balance of Terror : Strategy for the Nuclear Age」(1961)
“possession of a nuclear arsenal was enough to ensure deterrence.”
Kenneth Waltz
- Nuclear weapons make wars harder to start

4. 2. States with Nuclear Weapons
2.1. Which States have nuclear weapons?
Sources: Business insider UK,

5. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
3.1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
What IAEA stands for?
- IAEA is widely known as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization within the UN family, the IAEA is the international centre for cooperation in the nuclear field. The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. (sources:
When they came into force?
It was approved on 23 Oct 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA, which was held at the Headquarters of the UN. It came into force on 29 July 1957.
- Total membership : 168 states.
IAEA’s missions
- Encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials, and promote nuclear safety and nuclear security standards and their implementation.

6. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
IAEA’s Missions
Peaceful Uses
To accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world (According to Article Ⅱ of the IAEA Statute)
Safeguards
- To establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities, and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose.
Nuclear Safety
- In June 2011, the IAEA chief said he had “broad support for his plan to strengthen international safety checks on nuclear power plants to help avoid any repeat of Japan’s Fukushima crisis.”

7. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
IAEA’s limit
Enforcement Authority
- The IAEA has no enforcement authority and compliance with IAEA inspections in voluntary, enforcement actions must be mandated by the UNSC.
Specialty Deficiency
- IAEA leadership is composed of former civil servants or diplomats rather than scientists. Sometimes political forces have thwarted IAEA inspectors.
Military nuclear materials
- Military nuclear materials are not tracked by the IAEA, and 5 countries where named as Security Council (US, UK, China, France, and Russia) are not subject to IAEA safeguards.
North Korea’s withdrawal
- They was a member state from 1974 to 1994, but withdrew after the Board of Governors found it in non-compliance with its safeguards agreement and suspended most technical cooperation.

8. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
3.2. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
What NPT stands for?
The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to foster the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of disarmament. The Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the IAEA.
(Sources:
When they came into force?
It was adopted on 12 June and It came into force on 5 Mar 1970.
- Total membership: 190 (never signed :India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan, withdrew: N.K)
NPT’s missions
- Non-Proliferation, Disarmament, and The right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

9. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
NPT’s mission
Non-Proliferation
Nuclear-weapon states pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any recipient or in any way assist. (Under Article Ⅰ of the NPT)
Non-Nuclear-weapon states pledge not to acquire or exercise control over nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and not to seek or receive assistance in the manufacture of such devices. (Under Article Ⅱ of the NPT)
Non-nuclear-weapon states pledge to accept IAEA safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities serve only peaceful purposes. (Under Article Ⅲ of the NPT)
Disarmament
- All parties undertake to pursue good-faith negotiations on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race, to nuclear disarmament, and to general and complete disarmament.
Peaceful use of nuclear energy
- The right of all parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to benefit from international cooperation in this area, in conformity with their non-proliferation obligations.

10. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
NPT’s limit
India’s Argument
NPT creates a club of “nuclear haves” and a larger group of “nuclear have-nots” by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them.
In 2007 then India’s External Affairs Minister Mukherjee said “If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognize the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment.”
So..
- Some critics said NPT is really political instrument of nuclear weapon states. It divided the states into nuclear haves and have-not’s

11. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
3.3. Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)
What PSI stands for?
The PSI is a multinational response to the challenge posed by the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. (Sources:
The PSI has no central body or secretariat and is not a coordinator of real-world interdictions. It is a political commitment, a flexible arrangement of international cooperation and is consistent with domestic and international legal authorities.
When they came into force?
It was launched in 2003.
- Total membership : 105 states.
PSI’s missions
- Aims to stop trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern.

12. 3. The Action of Non-Proliferation
PSI’s limit
In Security Council, US, UK, France, and Russia joined PSI, but China didn’t.
4 countries insisted that to prevent nuclear proliferation, the ships which are affiliated with bad states such as Iran and DPRK can be freely searched by other countries and also if nuclear weapons will be found in the ships, can be confiscated.
China insisted that this is ruined the freedom of the high seas based on international law.
Legality
PSI gives states a license to carry out acts of piracy on the high seas.
Former Indonesia’s Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda argued that the PSI
“initiative was not initiated through a multilateral process, but only a group of nations that have a common goal to conduct a certain initiatives.”
Targets specific states
- PSI is focused specifically on states such as Iran and the DPRK. Other potential suggested targets of PSI have included Syria, Myanmar, and Pakistan.

13. 4. Question
North Korea withdrew their position from IAEA and NPT and North Korea has conducted a series of nuclear tests so far. Can we say IAEA and NPT are guaranteed to protect nuclear non-proliferation?
There are nuclear proliferation Optimism and Pessimism. Which side will you stand on and why?