1. Psychology The Science of Behavior Neil R. Carlson,
PowerPoint Presentations for
Psychology
The Science of Behavior
Seventh Edition
Neil R. Carlson,
Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,
John W. Donahoe, and
G. Neil Martin
Prepared by Linda Fayard
Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
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2. The Science of Psychology
Chapter 1
The Science of Psychology

3. Lecture Preview
What Is Psychology?
The Growth of Psychology as a Science
Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

4. What Is Psychology? Why Behavior Is Studied? Fields of Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the causes of behavior.
Why Behavior Is Studied?
To understand human behavior
To explain what people do what they do
Fields of Psychology
Scientists
Practitioners

5. Areas of Psychological Research
Physiological
Comparative
Behavior Genetics
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Developmental
Social
Personality
Evolutionary
Cross-cultural
Clinical

6. Question: Why Do People Play Games?
Physiological
What events happen in the brain when people play games?
Comparative Psychology
Do animals other than people play games?
Cognitive Psychology
What types of strategies do people use when playing games?

7. Question: Why Do People Play Games?
Cognitive Neuroscience
What brain injuries interfere with game playing?
Developmental Psychology
How does play change across the lifespan?

8. Question: Why Do People Play Games?
Social
What kinds of cues affect the types of games that people will play with each other?
Personality
Are there certain types of people who are more or less likely to play games?

9. Question: Why Do People Play Games?
Cross-cultural
Do people raised in different cultures play similar games?
Clinical
What effects does play have upon our mental health?

10. Applied Psychology Clinical neuropsychologist Health Psychologist
What behavioral consequences result from a disease or trauma, and how can they be remedied?
Health Psychologist
What behavior and lifestyle choices maintain health and prevent illness?

11. Applied Psychology School Psychologist Consumer Psychologist
What strategies can be used to treat problems (e.g., poor learning, violence, substance abuse, shyness) in schools?
Consumer Psychologist
What motivates the consumer to purchase products?

12. Community Psychologist
Applied Psychology
Community Psychologist
How can social systems be improved in a way that is beneficial?
Organizational Psychologist
What interventions will improve productivity and job satisfaction?

13. Applied Psychology Engineering Psychologist Forensic Psychologist
What features will facilitate the useability of a computer or digital camera?
Forensic Psychologist
Was the accused mentally competent at the time of the crime?

14. How is Psychology Used? Law Enforcement Rehabilitative Medicine
Constructing facial drawings from eyewitness reports
Rehabilitative Medicine
Design of artificial limbs for amputees

15. The Growth of Psychology as a Science
Philosophical Roots of Psychology
Biological Roots of Psychology

16. The Rise of Psychology as a Science
Philosophical roots of psychology:
René Descartes ( ): Dualist
Rationalist
John Locke ( ): Monist
Empiricist
James Mill ( ): Materialist

17. The Growth of Psychology as a Science
Biological roots of psychology:
Johannes Müller ( ): doctrine of specific nerve energies
Pierre Flourens ( ): experimental ablation
Paul Broca ( ): localization of speech production

18. Applications in Education and Therapy
Producing Change through Education (early 1800’s) : emphasis on causal factors that produce change
Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”: universal principle by which habits might be learned
Montessori Method: children mature through stages

19. Applications in Education and Therapy
Producing Change through Psychotherapy
Pinel – Father of psychiatry
Mental Illness
Social Causes
Therapies

20. Major Trends in the Development of Psychology
Structuralism
Functionalism
Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
Psychology in Transition
Behaviorism
Humanistic Psychology
Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition
Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Neurobiology

21. Major Trends in the Development of Psychology
Early years:
Structuralism: Wundt
Father of Psychology, Introspection
Functionalism: Darwin, James
Biological emphasis
Psychodynamic theory: Freud
Emphasis on unconscious and biological drives

22. Major Trends in the Development of Psychology
Psychology in transition:
Experimental emphasis: Baldwin, Calkins
Behaviorism: Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Washburn
Emphasis on observable behavior
Humanistic psychology: Rogers
Reaction against behaviorism and Freud
Emphasis on choice and positive growth

23. Major Trends in the Development of Psychology
Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition
Gestalt psychology: Wertheimer
Emphasis on organization of cognitive processes
Cognitive psychology: Kosslyn
Emphasis on information processing
The Emphasis on Neurobiology: Hebb
Biologists who study the nervous system