1. Introduction to Psychology
Weiten Text

2. Chapter 1 Evolution of Psychology
1. Early History (hx)
2. Modern Hx
3. Current Psy
4. Seven Themes

3. Psychology Basics
Very much an applied subject > how to use it in real life – what about problems we know about ?
Is there any advantage to learning psy ?
> practical
> broader – critical thinking, complexity of behavior

4. Early History Psychology Psyche = soul logy = a subject to study
Person minus body = soul
1700s – study of the mind – mind became the focus

5. Early Hx
Religion > philosophy > physiology (study of organ systems)
A few ways of thinking about the mind:
A. mind and body together
B. how we know ourselves (sensations, feelings, ideas, identity)
C. interacting with outside world, others
D. knowing what is real

6. Early Hx Philosophers & physiologists worked on these questions
Wilhelm Wundt ( )
Physiologist who separated psychology from philosophy & physiology
- German
- Germany – very high ed standards, excellence in science - $, open minds

7. Early Hx
Wundt
- 1879: 1st psychological University of Leipzig
- 1881: 1st research journal
- helped make psy a science, like biology
- influence in Eur, US
- Wundt wanted psy to be the study of consciousness ~ mind

8. Early Hx
Wundt
- studied what could be measured – memory, attention, reaction-time, sensation
US followed this – many labs opened at top universities

9. Early Hx Structuralism or Functionalism Disagreements
Structuralism = study consciousness and its aspects – treat it like an organ, with parts
- followed Edward Titchener
- studied senses
- method was introspection = thinking of one’s own experience

10. Early Hx Structuralism or Functionalism
Functionalism = consider functions, how consciousness works, the purpose of it
- followed William James ( )
- James’s Principles of Psychology (1890)
- considered Darwin – theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest; keep what works)

11. Early Hx Functionalism - consciousness helps humans
- James: cons flows, “stream of consciousness”
- dynamic, not a box of things we know
- James on habits > learning
- James on self > personality
- Functionalists worked with people, situations – memory, learning

12. Early Hx
Functionalists dominated psychology > way it was taught – led to behaviorism & applied psy
Structuralists made sure that lab research would be a key factor – later statistics

13. Modern Hx Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Influence and controversy
Neurologist
Treated patients with mental illnesses
Patients (pts) were wealthy Austrian women – odd fears, felt nervous, obsessions, psychosomatic illnesses
Psychoanalysis – Freud developed this therapy
> looking inward, exploring past, secrets, dreams, wishes

14. Modern Hx Freud Focus on unconscious (Unc)
Learned from pts who had these deep, hidden issues
Learned from thinking about himself
Unc not part of awareness, but still guides individual

15. Modern Hx
Freud
Psychoanalytic theory – Unc guides personality, behavior, problems of life
> inner conflict
> slips of the tongue
Controversy
Do we guide ourselves ? How much control do we have ?

16. Modern Hx Freud Sexuality powerful influence Love & death
Freud worked to make his theory accepted > sex and ^^ upset people
Carl Jung & Alfred Adler studied psychoanalysis & spread it

17. Modern Hx
Freud
1909: G. Stanley Hall arranged Freud’s visit to Clark University
1920s – major movement – psychoanalysts clashed with others
Psychologists stressed science – what could be proved ?

18. Modern Hx Freud Psychoanalysis not a passing idea Still today
Important in medicine, films, literature
Might explain personality, mental illness, motivation

19. Modern Hx Watson & Behaviorism John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Behaviorism – 1920s
Psy is based on studying measurable acts (eating, scratching, crying, etc)
Unc, con, thinking, emotions do not matter
Psy = observeable behavior
Scientific method – experiment & verify
Verify = make sure it’s true

20. Modern Hx Behaviorists Fought w psychoanalysts
Accepted nurture in the nature v. nurture debate
Environment = family, ed system, community, workplace, etc
Learned from Pavlov

21. Modern Hx Behaviorists Used stimulus-response (S-R) in studies
S-R important concept
Because of S-R:
1. less interest in human subjects
2. animal research – apply to humans, easier to control

22. Modern Hx Skinner & Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Believed Watson & Pavlov
Said trying to study the mind was pointless
Focus on S-R > learn from that
No need biological concepts
Animals/people seek positive outcomes > do that behavior again

23. Modern Hx Skinner & Behaviorism
Not likely to repeat behaviors that lead to negative outcomes
Put rats & pigeons in machines, games
His ideas in schools, factories, mental facilities
Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) – controversial – all beh predictable, incl human – no free will – live for rewards

24. Modern Hx Skinner Box – for babies Humanism “touchy-feely”
1950s-60s: humanists disagreed w both psychoanalysts & behaviorists
Said neither understood human complexity
Focus on behavior, values, free will

25. Modern Hx
Humanism
People can be free, grow, & be themselves, are rational
Optimistic – people can & want to be good
Humans have self/self-concept
Carl Rogers ( ) – Client-Centered Therapy > important clinically but hard to research

26. Modern Schools 1. Behaviorism – observable acts
2. Psychoanalysis – unconscious activity
3. Humanistic – people rational, grow
4. Cognitive – focus on the way people think > explain beh
5. Biological – beh comes from brain processes, all electrochemical
6. Evolutionary – beh based on adaptation

27. Modern Psy Psychology as a profession – providing service
Applied Psychology – directed at solving issues – all Ph.D.
Clinical, counseling, school - therapy

28. Modern Psy
Traditional psy – Western, White, male, upper/middle class values
Diversity, multiculturalism > consider others or psychology too limited
Today must be multicultural because
1. globalization – world is linked
2. US multiracial, multiethnic & diverse

29. Seven Unifying Themes 1. Psychology is scientific (empirical)
2. Psych has many theories
3. Psy develops according to the times
4. Behavior has many causes
5. Behavior is based on culture
6. Behavior is based on heredity & environment
7. We are subjective (it is personal)