1. Notes Part 2: Vietnam & Civil Rights

2. Vietnam war

3. U.S. gets involved
“The battle against communism must be joined…with strength and tradition.”
-Lyndon B. Johnson
LBJ escalates the war
Sends majority of troops
Money

4. U.S. gets involved Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
LBJ announces North Vietnamese have fired on 2 American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
Immediately orders American aircraft to attack North Vietnamese ships

5. U.S. gets involved
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution justified LBJ’s escalation of troops in Vietnam
Congress to LBJ:
“take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression”

6. Strategies: America Superior firepower Search and destroy missions
Blockades

7. Strategies: America Napalm-jellied gasoline that explodes on contact
A U.S. riverboat (Zippo monitor) deploying napalm during the Vietnam War

8. Strategies: America
Agent Orange- chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs; exposed the enemy

9. Strategies: Vietcong Ambush (blended in with others) Booby traps
Underground Tunnels
Not fighting to win, fighting to prolong

15. Strategies
This is significant because it showed superior military technology does NOT guarantee victory!

16. TET Offensive
Vietcong and North Vietnamese launch a massive surprise attack
Attacked airbases in South Vietnam and most of the South’s major cities

17. TET Offensive Turning point in Vietnam War
U.S. military loses confidence
LBJ decides not to run for reelection

18. Anti-War Movement
1. Public support began to drop as the war waged on

19. Anti-War Movement 2. Vietnam is the 1st televised war
Combat footage shown on the nightly news
3. Brought the brutality of the war into living room

21. Vietnamization
President Nixon started policy of Vietnamization: gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops while the South Vietnamese assumed fighting

22. Civil Rights movement

23. Court Cases Plessy vs. Ferguson established “separate but equal.”
Nicknamed “Jim Crow” laws
Legalized racial segregation

24. 1954-case involving Linda Brown
Court Cases
1954-case involving Linda Brown
Denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas because of her race
Told to attend an all-black school across town
Linda Brown Smith, 9, is shown in this 1952 photo. Smith was a 3rd grader when her father started a class-action suit in 1951 of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan., which led to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision against school segregation. (AP Photo)

25. Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Court Cases
Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson
“separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”
AKA integration!
Linda Brown Smith, 9, is shown in this 1952 photo. Smith was a 3rd grader when her father started a class-action suit in 1951 of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan., which led to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision against school segregation. (AP Photo)

26. Little Rock nINE
School board in Little Rock, Arkansas agreed to admit 9 African American students to Central High School

27. Governor of Arkansas favored segregation
Little Rock nINE
Governor of Arkansas favored segregation
Posted the Arkansas National Guard at Central High to prevent nine African- American students from entering the building

28. Central High
Little Rock Nine

31. Little Rock nINE
President Eisenhower placed the National Guard under Federal command to protect the students
“to protect the authority of the Supreme Court.” -- -President Eisenhower
Significance: Government will enforce court decisions on integration

32. Martin Luther King, Jr. Believed in nonviolent passive resistance
Drew upon philosophy and techniques of Gandhi
delivered the speech “I Have a Dream.”
racial segregation be replaced with an integrated society

35. Thurgood marshall
Appointed the first African American Judge of SCOTUS by President Johnson in

36. James L. Farmer, Jr.
Civil rights leader who founded C.O.R.E. which promoted nonviolent ways to protest for civil rights and equality.

37. Hector P. Garcia
Founded the American G.I. Forum of Texas which advocates on behalf of Hispanic veterans.

38. Lulu belle Madison white
Civil Rights activist who selected the plaintiff for the Sweatt v. Painter case (origins to Brown v Board; UT law school)