3. TC Structure

4. Theta_e Structure

5. Grid 3: Vertical motion surfaces 15:30 UTC 26 August, 1998
+1 m/s – red
-1 m/s -blue
+0.5 m/s – red
-0.5 m/s -blue

6. Equivalent Potential Temperature Surfaces colored with Potential Vorticity at 15:30 UTC from West
354 Theta_e
361 Theta_e

7. Equivalent Potential Temperature Surface with Trajectories Colored by Theta
361 Theta_e from South
361 Theta_e from North
Downdraft? 
 Updraft makes several revolutions while heating 

8. 15:30 UTC 26 August, 1998
Equivalent Potential Temperature at 4.1 km MSL (downdraft trajectories shown also)
Surface Wind Speed
Downdraft trajectories
Wind max from
downdraft 
Dry tongue forming basis of downdraft

9. Surface Theta_e Rain Mixing Ratio Surface Surface streamlines
11:40 UTC
15:30 UTC

10. Surface Theta Rain Mixing Ratio Surface Surface streamlines
11:40 UTC
15:30 UTC

11. 354 Theta_e and Trajectories at 15:30 UTC
From West
From North
From South
From East

12. Carnot Cycle Theory

13. Carnot Cycle Theory For Tropical Cyclones
4 Cycles
Isothermal (diabatic) expansion of inflow along ocean surface
Isothermal heat transfer from ocean surface (ocean surface temperature varies little, pressure lowers and so heat must be absorbed to keep from cooling)
Moisture transfer from ocean surface
Loss of Energy due to friction to surface
Moist Adiabatic Ascent in Eye-Wall
Moist neutral ascent (short time scale so neglect diabatic radiative transfer)
Neglect diabatic gain of entropy by precipitation falling
Isothermal (diabatic) compression in outflow
Gradual sinking balanced by radiational cooling to maintain constant temperature
Work preformed against inertial stability of the environment
Moist Adiabatic Descent within outer convective downdrafts back to surface
a) Outer convective bands tap into theta_e minimum formed after radiation induced ascent and bring air back to surfacxe moist adiabatically over short time scale so can neglect diabatic radiation

14. Summary of Carnot Cycle
Sources of Thermal Energy
Thermal transfer from ocean surface
Latent heat transfer from Ocean surface
Sinks of Energy
Friction at surface
Work against Inertial Stability in Outflow
Thermodynamic Efficiency of Cycle
A function of temperature difference between hot plate and cold plate divided by mean:
Lowest Pressure attained is a function of:
Sources (SST)
Efficiency (SST and Tropopause)

15. Maximum Gradient Wind As a function of SST

18. Outflow Limitations of TC

19. Where Do TCs form?

20. TC Tracks

21. Genesis Theory