1. Bell Work #8 From the chatter activity:
Do you agree or disagree with the following?
There is more to a conversation than just the words and the sentences.
We tend to judge other people based on what we think is “normal”
Behaviors that we consider to be bizarre or rude may be acceptable or polite in other cultures
Sometimes you feel negative about another person because his or her conversational style seems strange
After time, people used to unusual behaviors and begin paying more attention to the topic of conversation

2. Language Notes and Language Tree Scavenger Hunt
Objective: Analyze where languages are distributed worldwide and why other languages are related to English.

3. Comparing Language Video

4. Language A set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication
Language is an integral part of culture, reflecting and shaping it
How?
Language reflects where a culture has been, what a culture values, even how people in a culture think, describe and experience things
It is a source of pride and a means of cultural unity
Language, however, can also be a dividing force

5. Language Tree – Turn to page 145
Roots?
Trunk?
Branches?
Grouping of leaves off of one branch
Leaves?
Possible prehistoric superfamily
Language Family
Language Branch
Language Group
Language
The larger the trunks/leave are? The more…?

6. Locations of language families (pg. 147)
Indo-European?
Sino-Tibetan?
Austronesian?
Austro-Asiatic?
Afro-Asiatic?
Niger-Congo?
Europe, S. Asia, N. & S. America
China, SE Asia
Indonesia
SE Asia
SW Asia, N. Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa

7. What is most important? Lineage of English Lineage of Mandarin
Lineage of Hindi
West Germanic languages
Romance languages
Language family of Arabic
Language family of languages spoken in Madagascar
Language family of sub-Saharan Africa
Language groups of Indo-Iranian Branch
Balto-Slavic Branch

8. Let’s do a Language Tree Scavenger Hunt!

9. Lineage of English Language? Language Group? Language Branch? Family?
Possible prehistoric superfamily?
English
West Germanic
Germanic
Indo-European
Nostratic

10. Lineage of Mandarin Language? Language branch? Language family?
Possible prehistoric superfamily?
Mandarin
Sinitic
Sino-Tibetan
Sino-Caucasian

11. Lineage of Hindi Language? Language group? Language branch?
Language family?
Possible prehistoric superfamily?
Hindi
Indo-Aryan
Indo-Iranian
Indo-European
Nostratic

12. West Germanic languages?
English
German
Dutch
Afrikaans
Diffusion of English
Germanic tribes invaded British isles (Angles, Jutes, Saxons)
Similarities exist between English and French because Normans conquered England bringing French languages from Normandy – very different from German today

13. Romance languages Italian Spanish – largest Romance language spoken
French
Portuguese
Romanian
All developed from Latin, the “Romans’ language”

14. Language Family of Arabic?
What is it?
Afro-Asiatic
What about language branch?
Semitic

15. What language family is Madagascar related to?
Austronesian – Southeast Asian/Pacific Islands
Why not an African language family?
Seafarers from islands of Southeast Asia crossed the Indian Ocean to Madagascar before Africans
By the time Africans arrived, the language had been well established

16. Language family of sub-Saharan Africa
What is it?
Niger-Congo
But English is the “official” language of Nigeria
Problems with this?
Local languages are spoken everywhere but English is taught in school
Students emerge from school unable to function in local Nigerian society

17. Language groups of Indo-Iranian Branch
What are they?
Indic (eastern)
Iranian (western?
Where are Indic languages spoken?
Where are Indo-Iranian languages spoken?

18. Balto-Slavic Branch
What do you notice about the languages that are a part of the Balto-Slavic branch?
Similarities/differences?

19. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
Existence of a single ancestor for all Indo-European languages (Proto-Indo-European) cannot be proved with certainty because it would have existed thousands of years before the invention of writing or recorded history
Evidence is “internal”
Physical attributes of words themselves
Common roots – linguists think similar words must represent things experienced in the daily lives of the original Proto-Indo-European speakers
Linguists agree that it must have existed but disagree on when and where the language originated and the process and routes by which it diffused

20. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis
Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis
“Renfrew Hypothesis”
Lived 2000 years before the Kurgans
Language diffused along with agricultural innovations rather than by military conquest
Language grew because speakers became prosperous by growing own food instead of relying on hunting
1st Proto-Indo-European speakers were Kurgan people
Nomadic herders who used their domesticated horses as weapons to conquer much of Europe and South Asia