1. The “Tenure Gap” & its influence on socio-ecological conditions
Margaret b. Holland, Assistant professor, geography & environmental Systems, UMBC
World bank land & poverty conference, march 2017
Co-authors: Allison Kelly (U Washington), Yuta Masuda (TNC), Brian Robinson (McGill U), & Tenure/Conservation Working Group

2. Tenure Gap goes both ways
Need better/additional measures of tenure security
Land community looking for more ways to quantitatively assess difference between statutory & customary
Measuring tenure gap specifically through bundle of rights
The concept of the tenure gap was explained in detail by enumerators and then experts were asked if it existed for a specific subpopulation. Experts were first asked which land tenure forms existed for a subpopulation. Within each tenure form, experts were then asked which rights the subpopulation had under that tenure form, once for legally defined rights and once for socially defined rights.
As of Oct 17, 2016, 69 of 80 subpopulations are reported to have a tenure gap

3. In-depth surveys & mapping with land tenure experts
How do land tenure experts define tenure security in the context of their work?
Where and how severe are the tenure gaps? (both formal/statutory vs. socially-defined and “on-paper” and “on-the-ground” components of tenure gaps)
What are the priority approaches for closing tenure gaps?
10 initial countries of focus: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Liberia, Peru, Tanzania, Uganda

4. Tenure GAP Survey Methods
7 enumerators (English, Spanish, & Mandarin speakers)
Interviews from July – December 2016
Online mapping tool, amigocloud
Standardized recruitment and reminder s included concept note and amigocloud/skype instructions
Average interview length: 2 hours to explore 1 case study location

5. Whom did we interview?
60 completed interviews as of now: # experts/country highest for Guatemala, India, Colombia, and Indonesia
Average 15 years of experience working on land tenure (range: 3-45)
Most hold a post-graduate degree (n=44)
Most common role was as executive director (n=26), followed by manager, and analyst.
Most common sector = conservation (n=28) and economic development (n=27), and with a focus on indigenous groups (n=24) and agriculture (n=23).
Experts often filled more than one role and worked in more than one sector.

6. What might we expect for the nature of the gap according to tenure form?
Communal &/or customary: more (& stronger) locally- & socially-realized rights vs. statutory rights
* Communal gap < customary gap
Protected areas & public lands: more statutory rights vs. fewer locally-upheld & socially-defined rights
Private: smallest gap of the forms
subpopulations are communal tenure, private tenure and customary or traditional tenure.

7. Due process & compensation Alienation
Bundle of rights:
Access
Withdrawal
Management
Exclusion
Due process & compensation
Alienation
four histograms that visualize the tenure gap within each tenure form and right. Rights include access, withdrawal, management, exclusion, due process and compensation and alienation. The n for each tenure form is the total number of subpoulations which have that form. Panel a. shows the proportion of subpopulations with each socially-defined right by form. Panel b. shows the proportion of subpopulations with each legally-defined right by form. Panel c. shows where social rights exist but corresponding legally-defined rights do not while Panel d. shows where legal rights exist but corresponding socially-defined rights do not

8. What is the effect of the tenure gap on people?

9. What is the effect of the tenure gap on ecosystems?

11. The tenure gap & conservation outcomes?
Land titling doesn’t necessarily secure environmental conservation
Exploring more nuanced strategies for how the gap can be closed might help buffer against negative outcomes for people & ecosystems
Characterizing both socially-defined and statutory rights (and tenure gap) = important step in a conservation intervention

12. Thank you! Working Group Membership
With this goal in mind, the Land Tenure Security, Conservation and Human Well-Being Working Group was formed.
The working group is composed of senior members from diverse organizations, including development and conservation NGOs and as well as academic institutions.