1. Obj 2.07-2.08 Remember the Structures & Functions of the Digestive System
What are the structures of the Digestive System?
What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?

2. Watch Youtube Video Digestion (Kidshealth Video)……. https://youtu

3. Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) which is over 30’ in length from mouth to anus. The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the alimentary canal, there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food but do not have food pass through them. Accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor

4. DIGESTION
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the oral cavity or buccal cavity. Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion of food—the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
                                                  

5. Structures of the digestive system
Mouth –where it all begins……
contains the:
Teeth chop & chew (mastication) food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva forming a soft, pliable ball called a bolus and changing the complex solid foods into a simpler soluable which can be absorbed by body cells.
Tongue is made of skeletal muscles attached to floor of mouth helping with chewing and swallowing. It contains taste buds (papillae) on the surface.
Palate - soft & hard palates which form the roof of mouth and separates the mouth from the nasal cavity
Uvula – Flap of skin hanging in the back of the throat - one of its purposes is to stop food from going up your nose when you swallow. 
Salivary Glands-
Parotid gland
Largest salivary gland
Ptyalin in saliva converts starches to simple sugars causes the initial chemical breakdown.
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
The physical breakdown of food begins here in the mouth with the teeth chewing, the tongue helping to move around food and saliva being excreted to help break apart food – this is the first step in digestion.

6. Structures of the digestive system
Tongue
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty

7. Watch Youtube Video Peristalsis……. https://youtu.be/Ujr0UAbyPS4
PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestines (watch video)

8. Structures of the digestive system
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

9. Watch Youtube Video Peristalsis, Storage and Excretion ……
How Food is digested - Peristalsis, Storage and Excretion (watch video)

10. Structures of the digestive system
*Need to Know: Teeth and tongue aid in physical / mechanical digestion of food
Teeth---FYI…
Primary (deciduous)
20 “baby teeth”
Secondary (permanent)
32 “adult teeth”
Did you know???
Canine teeth are also
known as cuspids and
eye teeth.

11. Functions of the digestive system
Teeth
Define mastication.
How is the tooth’s shape related to its function?
Incisors
Cuspids
Bicuspids
Molars
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

12. Watch Youtube Video Digestion……. https://youtu.be/eKaBQrFdNtw

13. Structures of the digestive system
Salivary glands
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

14. Structures of the digestive system
Palate –
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

15. Watch Youtube Video Digestion (from chewing to defecation)……

16. Structures of the digestive system
Pharynx (throat)
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

17. Structures of the digestive system
Esophagus
Muscular tube, 10” long
Connects the pharynx and stomach

18. Structures of the digestive system
Stomach
Upper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
2.07 Remember the structures of the
digestive system

19. Cardiac sphincter - controls passage of food into stomach and keeps it from going back into the throat.
PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food into duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds (wrinkles) when the stomach is empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small intestine
2 – 4 hours for stomach to empty

21. Watch Youtube Video Digestion……. https://youtu.be/eTMzl1cblZc

22. Structures of the digestive system
Small intestines – main function is absorption of NUTRIENTS
Duodenum
First segment
12’ long
Jejunum
Second segment
8’ long
Ileum
Third segment
10-12’ long

23. Structures of the digestive system
Large intestines
Approximately 2” in diameter
5’ long
Responsible for elimination of waste and absorption of water

24. Accessory Organs of Digestion
PANCREAS
Located behind stomach
Exocrine function – secretes digestive enzymes to break down food.
Also has endocrine function.
Feather shaped organ

25. Watch Youtube Video Pancreas……. https://youtu.be/NZ4zcrTzUjA

26. Functions of the digestive system
Liver
Produce and store glucose in the form of GLYCOGEN
Detoxify alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
Manufacture blood proteins
Manufactures bile
Store Vitamins A, D and B complex
Connects to gall bladder and small intestine by ducts

27. Functions of the digestive system
Gallbladder
Small muscular green sac that secretes and stores bile
Located in the right upper quadrant of abdominal cavity.
When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder

28. Watch Youtube Video gallbladder/pancreas……. https://youtu

29. Functions of the digestive system
Large intestine
CHYME – semi-liquid food and gastric juices
Approx 2” in diameter
Also called the colon
CECUM – lower right portion of large intestine
APPENDIX-blind sac attached to cecum, having no known function
RECTUM – last portion of large intestine
ANUS – external opening of the Lg. intestine

30. Watch Youtube Video Digestion……. https://youtu.be/_QYwscALNng

31. Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia VS
Anorexia nervosa VS
Bulimia nervosa

32. Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia
Decreased or
poor appetite
Symptom
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorder
(seen mostly in
young girls) VS
*Opposite disorder = obesity

33. Watch Youtube Video Anorexia Nervosa……. https://youtu
Watch Youtube Video Anorexia Nervosa……. picture

34. Disorders of the digestive system
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating and
purging (vomiting)
It is a psychiatric
disorder as well

35. Watch Youtube Video Digestion...https://youtu.be/su5cvPN30MA
Psychiatric disorder
Bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) is a psychiatric disorder as well

36. Obesity is one of the common eating disorders in the United States.
A person is considered obese if their BMI (body mass index is above 30.
How to calculate BMI:
BMI = ( lbs/inches² )
(weight in pounds * 703 )
————————————
height in inches²
BMI
Weight Status
Below 18.5
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
30 & Above
Obese

37. *Go to above site to check our your BMI …………………

38. Disorders of the digestive system
Caries
Cavities
How often should you brush and floss?
Can you identify
preventive measures?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

39. Disorders of the digestive system
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Sx = pain that radiates to right shoulder…frequently after eating fatty foods
How is it treated? –
Cholecystectomy (surgical removal)
Cholelithiasis – gall stones

40. Watch Youtube Video Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis……. https://youtu
Watch Youtube Video Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis……. picture:

41. Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
Hard and/or soft palate doesn’t close completely during fetal development
Problems swallowing
Surgery needed to repair
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

42. Disorders of the digestive system
Cirrhosis
Chronic, progressive disease of liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue.
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption (also caused by Tylenol use)

43. Watch Youtube Video Cirrhosis of liver……. https://youtu
Watch Youtube Video Cirrhosis of liver……. picture

44. Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation
When defecation delayed, feces become dry and hard
Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

45. Watch Youtube Video Constipation……. https://youtu.be/cdijh32NiLs

46. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Diarrhea
Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food

47. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Gastroenteritis (gastr=stomach, enter=intestines
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = virus
Sxs – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for hours
Complication = dehydration
Prevention…good handwashing

48. Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Reflux of gastric acid into the espohagus
Sx – burning sensation that often worsens with laying flat…gets better with sitting up or raising head of bed

49. Watch Youtube Video GERDS……. https://youtu.be/TdK0jRFpWPQ

50. Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis
Acute
Chronic
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

51. Watch Youtube Video Hepatitis A, B, C Rap……. https://youtu

52. Disorders of the digestive system
Type of Viral Hepatitis
   Mode of Transmission / Prevention
Hepatitis A
(HAV)
Contaminated food and water.
There is a safe HAV vaccine.
Hepatitis B
(HBV)
Infected blood, sex, and needles.
From an infected mother to her newborn.
There is a safe HBV vaccine.
Hepatitis C
(HCV)
Infected blood and needles.
There is no vaccine.
Hepatitis D
(HDV)
Must already have hepatitis B.
Get the hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis E
(HEV)
Contaminated water.
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

53. Watch Youtube Video Digestion……. https://youtu.be/xdsdz8IhMDQ

54. Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome
Cause unknown
Sx – abdmonial pain, bloating, diarrhea and constipation (alternating)
Trt – lifestyle and diet changes, medication
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

55. Watch Youtube Video Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)……. https://youtu

56. Disorders of the digestive system
Chron’s Disease
and Ulcerative Colitis
Autoimmune disorders
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
Sxs – abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, malnutrition

57. Watch Youtube Video Crohn’s Disease vs Ulcerative Colitis……

58. Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer - Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs

59. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Vitamins
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water soluble
Vitamins C, B
Proteins aid in wound healing
Carbohydrates such as bread and pasta offer quick energy
Electrolytes
Calcium-the most common mineral in the body and one of the most important. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth, help nerves work, make muscles squeeze together, *help blood clot, and help the heart to work. Almost all of the calcium in the body is stored in bone.
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium

60. Watch Youtube Video Digestion……. https://youtu.be/PXL97R0UVKw