1. Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis and Genetics

2. Chromosomes and their #
Each pair is a HOMOLOGOUS
CHOROMOSOME

3. Fertilization Process
Haploid is the 1n
Part this refers to
When the cells
Have half the DNA
Diploid is the 2n
Which refers to the
Zygote ie fertilized
Egg or developing
person

4. Meiosis I and 2

5. Prophase I is special
Because crossing over occurs in which homologous chromosomes exchange fragments with each other increasing genetic diversity

6. Sexual vs Asexal Reproduction
No opportunity for crossing over in asexual, everything is an exact CLONE
Sexual causes diversity and thus the end result is a new genetically expressed living organism

7. Mendelian Genetics
Each generation of children produced is referred to as F1 or F2 generations and so on
Genes in pairs, punnet square for yellow (YY) and green pea (yy):
you must know these terms too however this also shows punnet squares !!!
Only four boxes is for a MONOHYBRID CROSS, 16 is for a DIHYBRID CROSS

8. Genetics Results
Dominant Gene: is one that if the offspring has it, it expresses this gene over the other one which is RECESSIVE. IF TWO RECESSIVE ALLELES/ NO DOMINANT ARE PRESENT THAN THE RECESSIVE GENE IS EXPRESSED
In some cases both are expressed in a blended fashion which is known as Codominance Incomplete dominance is when both genes are neither fully dominating the expression so both are expressed but in a mixed fashion
One is like having red and white snap dragons produce pink vs having spots on cows that express both brown and white so there is a brown and white spotted coat on the cow
The genotype: is the genes in the organism
The phenotype: is what is physically seen by the genes expressed

9. Gene Linkage
Sometimes genes come as linked or required to be with another gene in order to be activated, based on the amount of the gene linked, a different range of resulting expressions can occur for example the more linked genes in some flies make their eyes go from yellow, to blue, to purple like a color choice wheel in photoshop

10. Polyploidy
In many species, if they get extra sets of DNA they can express different phenotypes. These are called polyploidy in which extra sets of DNA are available. In flowers it can be used to express different phenotypes and adaptations, in humans it is LETHAL
3n, 4n, 5n, …etc