1. U.S. Constitution (CH. 3)
Introduction to Constitution is the __________
Original document is intro, articles, and signatures
- how many articles in Constitution?

3. Article I I.
-Bicameralism Compromise (1.1)
-One person, One vote (1.2.1) (Baker v. Carr)
-3/5 compromise (1.2.3) Impeachment (1.3.6)
-Senate election (1.3.1)
-Congressional Compensation (1.6)
-”Elastic Clause” (1.8.18) necessary and proper clause
Expressed powers, Implied Powers
-Writ of Habeas Corpus, Bill of Attainder (1.9)
-states have free trade (1.9)

4. Article II
-Electoral College (2.1)
-Treaty (2.2) Executive Agreement
- Cabinet (?)
-Commander in Chief (2.2)

5. Article III
-Supreme Court / Court Members (3.1)
-Precedent
-Judicial Review
-Inferior Courts
-Treason

6. Article IV -Full Faith and Credit Clause (4.1) States and citizen
-extradition between states (4.2)
-new states (West Virginia) (4.3)
-Republic guaranteed (NO MONARCHS)
“Guarantee Clause” (4.4)
-Protecting the states (4.4)

7. Article VI
-old debts will be paid -”Supremacy Clause” -allegiance to the Constitution – Oath

8. Article VII
-Ratification of the Constitution: Sept. 17, / 13 state conventions (Articles of Conf.) -Bill of Rights?

10. Articles of the Constitution
-Ratification of the Constitution
9 / 13 state conventions

11. 6 Basic Principles What our government is built on
Popular ___________ - people are the only source of govt. power.
-”We The People”

12. 6 Basic Principles
___________ Government - Govt only has the power the people have given it.
-Constitutionalism
-Rule of Law
- “Congress shall make no law”

13. 6 Basic Principles
___________ of Powers - Basic powers of govt are separated among the 3 branches.
-each branch has its own power.

14. 6 Basic Principles
___________ and ___________ - branches are independent from each other but are also co-equal.
-Which branch has the most power?
EX / -
- Congress may pass bills / President may veto / Congress can override veto

15. 6 Basic Principles
-President appoints federal judges / U.S. Senate must approve
-Compromise is necessary

16. 6 Basic Principles
Judicial Review - Power of courts to determine if a govt action is constitutional or not. (Marbury V. Madison)
-all federal courts have this power. (states?)
-Judicial Review can happen to national and state actions.
-courts usually uphold challenges to govt actions

17. 6 Basic Principles
___________ - govt powers distributed on a territorial basis
-National Govt has some powers and other powers are left to the states.
(10th Amendment)

18. Amendments
1st
2nd
3rd
4th

20. Amendments
5th
6th
7th
8th

24. Amendments
9th
10th
11th
12th

25. Amendments
13th
14th
15th
16th

26. Amendments
17th
18th
19th
20th

27. Amendments
21st
22nd
23rd
24th

28. Amendments
25th
26th
27th

29. Informal Amendment (Changing the Constitution)
Informal Amendment - change the constitution without changing the written words - no adding or subtracting words
-This happens continuously
Could be happening right now

30. Informal Amendment How does it happen? -Basic Legislation (Congress)
1. Congress simply uses its powers given to it by the Constitution. (Article I - section 8)
-Congress can lay and collect taxes
-Congress can borrow money
-Congress can regulate commerce
-Congress can fix weights and measures
HOW ?

31. Informal Amendment
2. Congress passes laws that interpret the words in the Constitution
-Congress passed a law to create inferior courts within the Judicial Branch
-Congress passed laws to create departments in the executive branch

32. Informal Amendment
Executive Action (President’s powers have produced informal amendments)
-Pres is Commander-in-Chief of armed forces (Article II Sec.2)
-does the Constitution give the Pres the power to declare war?

33. Informal Amendment
-NO, but the Pres can make war as the Commander-in-Chief
Court Decisions (Supreme Court)
Supreme Court interprets the words of the Constitution in the cases it hears.
Miranda v. Arizona (5,6,14)
Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1)

34. Informal Amendment Political Party Practices
-Constitution says nothing about political parties
-No amendment on the nomination of candidates for President - parties do this
-Parties turned the electoral college into a rubber stamp of the popular vote

35. Informal Amendment Customs - unwritten rules - common practices
-President’s cabinet - still common practice
-V.P. to become President - was once a common practice (now amendment)
-No 3rd term for President - was once a common practice (now amendment)

37. Formal Amendment
Formal Amendment - changes in the written words of the Constitution
-Framers knew they didn’t know everything
they provided Constitution with ability to change

38. Formal Amendment -Article 5 provides details for formal amendment
2 ways to propose
+ 2 ways to ratify
___________________
= 4 methods of formal amendment

39. Formal Amendment -Ways to propose
1. Proposed by congress by 2/3 vote in each house
2. Proposed at national convention called by Congress when requested by 2/3 (34) of the state legislatures

40. Formal Amendment -Ways to ratify
Ratified by state legislatures in 3/4 (38) of the states
Ratified by state conventions in 3/4 of the states

41. Formal Amendment

42. Formal Amendment
When state legislators ratify - not a true voice of the people
state legislators are elected for different reasons
If a state votes no - they can reconsider and ratify later
once a state approves - action is final

43. Formal Amendment
“Process is Federalism in action” - Why is it a good example of Federalism?
Congress does not need President’s approval to propose an amendment
One restriction on amendents - no state may be deprived of equal suffrage in the U.S. Senate

44. Formal Amendment Over 10,000 have been proposed in Congress
-33 have made it to the states
D.C. Statehood
1 House Rep for every 50,000 people in a state
Titles of nobility & Gifts from abroad will strip U.S. Citizenship
Congress can Limit, regulate, and prohibit labor of persons under 18
Congress cannot interfere with states institutions, including persons held to labor or service by laws of said state
ERA – Equal rights under the law shall not be denied by the US or by any state on account of sex.
-27 have been ratified

45. Formal Amendment Congress can set a time limit on ratification - Why?
- 7 years is the norm
Bill of Rights

46. Formal Amendment
Civil War Amendments ( )