1. Different ways to look at past events
Historiography
Different ways to look at past events
How do we study history or what is world history and how did it emerge as a discipline

2. Defining what we study Civilization Development of Civilization
People
Events
Places
Causation
Development of Civilization
Patterns
Biological Patterns
Systems approach (Interactions) Globalism
Political
Social
Cultural
Economic
Education
Cyclical Patterns (predictions)
Shaped by Humans
Reasoning
Technology (man’s attempt to overcome his environment)
POV
Change
“Success”
“Progress”

3. Historians and Historical Interpretation
Herodotus (484 B.C.)
Often called the “father of history”, Herodotus lived during the fifth century B.C. He traveled widely and recorded the stories of Greek battles and accomplishments. He believed that the universe was ruled by “Fate” and “Chance,” and that nothing was stable in hum affairs he thought that moral choice was still important, however, since the gods punish the arrogant. This attempt to draw moral lessons from the study of great events formed the basis of Greek and Roman hisotriographical tradition , of which Herodotus is rightly regarded a the founder.
Thucydides (400B.C)
Another famous Greek observer, this historian is best known for his accounts of the wars of his day. He wrote especially of the fighting between Sparta and Athens. He described the logistics, the strategies, and the human toll of war in ancient times

4. How do we make the links and what links should be made
Hierarchy (top, bottom)
Dominance (more, less, better, best)
Stratification (which layer is thicker, thinner)
Univocal Determination (what motivates)
Circular Causality (cause effect, cause effect)
Spectrum (one extreme or the other)

5. Prehistory vs. “History”
“Those who forget their past are condemned to repeat it”: philosopher George Santayana
“The one duty we owe to history is to rewrite it”: playwright Oscar Wilde
“The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there”: novelist L P Hartley
“The winners get to write history”: anonymous

6. Transition from Paleolithic Neolithic Neolithic “Civilization”
Foundations Unit
Prehistory to Postclassical World
8000 BCE to 600 CE

7. Paleolithic Era (3 million/250,000 – ca. 10,000 bce)
Type of tools
Stone
Basic survival or subsistence level
Influenced by climate and climate changes
Nomadic
Hunters and gatherers
Bands
About 30-50
Family and culture groups
General social equality
Economic roles a little different but the burden of the tasks and the level of responsibility and decision making was based on need not pre-established roles
Women gathered berries, nuts etc.
Men hunters
Natufian society of the eastern Mediterranean

8. Pre-Historic Man in the Paleolithic Age (Different than ancient man)
Neanderthal People
Cro-Magnon People
When they lived
200,000 B.C.- 30,000 B.C.?
(may have been absorbed by Cro-Magnon)
30,000 B.C.-
10,000 B.C.
Physical
characteristics
powerfully built heavy jaws, thick eyebrow ridges, large noses
looked more like modern people; high foreheads, well defined chins, small eyebrow ridges
Where they lived
Europe, the Middle East, Asia, lived in caves
southern France and Spain; lived in caves
Tools they used
more efficient tools than preceding groups used fire to develop new techniques for fashioning bifacial tools, arrowheads and scrapers, implements that were essential for the survival of his tribe.
more advanced tools than
Neanderthal
greater use of the animals he had
hunted.
The skins were used tomake clothes,
antlers to make tool handles,needles
And hooks and he gradually began to
farm the land and then to breed
animals (from 5000 BC).
Important
Accomplishments
wore clothes; cared for the sick; buried the dead with tools; probably the first to cook food
invented the spear; better hunters,
could draw and paint,

9. Population
4 million in 10,000 bce to 5 million in 5000 bce and rose to 14 million in 3000 bce and about 100 million by 500 bce
Jericho
Catal Huyuk
Industries
Pottery
Metallurgy
Textile

10. 10,000 bce – 1000 CE

11. 100,000bce – 10000bce

12. 1000 CE – 2000 CE

13. Regional discoveries of cultural representations during Paleolithic and early Neolithic Eras

14. Neolithic Era - New Stone Age
Actually transition from nomadic society to sedentary society
Type of living changed from caves and open areas to actual dwellings
Migration continues but slows
Population numbers increase causing the need for more complex relationships and systems to support them

15. Example of some early houses

16. Villages
The villages become cities

17. Neolithic or Agricultural Transition
Shift from food gathering to food producing
Result is people begin to settle in one place
Cities develop
Surplus begins
Impact is complex societies or civilizations that have trade networks and are interconnected
Neolithic Revolution is the basis for more complex societies to be formed
Sedentary
Surplus
Diverse economic activity
Division of labor
Gender roles begin to change and become less equal
Need for complex record keeping
Writing systems
Pictographic (drew pictures to represent physical aspects)
Ideographs (drew pictures to represent abstract)
Phonographs (drew symbols to represent sounds)
Alphabet and writing systems

18. Civilization or complex societies
When do we know it is a “civilization” or matches other complex societies and is no longer Neolithic and able to sustain itself over generations.
It may adapt/evolve over many generations
Rates of adaptation are influenced by geography, type of culture, and creation of technology
5-6 elements of Civilization
Division of labor
Advanced technology
System of Writing
Calendar
Cities with Government or system of control
Usually some element within culture of philosophy that holds them together and explains the forces of nature

19. Urban areas Population (biological) Culture State Gender Work Leisure
Ritual centers (temples)

20. What does the transition impact
What causes the impact?
Ability to control environment
Slash and burn techniques
Irrigation
People stop roaming and build villages first then cities as population grew and methods developed
Impact is “civilization”
Subsistence to surplus
Trade networks within area creates relationship with the cities and culture groups creating empires
Empires and areas connect through trade exchanging technology and goods that assist in overcoming environment and cause adaptation rate to increase
Also causes more conflict
Luxury items traded longer distances
You can track these items to see who traded with who

21. Spontaneous or Independent Discovery and Invention
Were ideas at certain times connected or arose because there was an a need at approximately the same time because of climate change or great shifts in populations?
Independent Invention (2:30)