1. Warm up
What needs fixing? List 5 problems you have with school, work and/or home and describe how they could be improved

2. Religion Divides Europe

3. The Catholic Church Splits
Three factors:
Rome’s Split
Language Issues
Disagreement about religious ideas
The two pieces:
West is Catholic Church
East is “Eastern Orthodox”

4. Martin Luther
Martin Luthe,r by Lucas Cranach the Elder; source: 4

5. Who was Martin Luther? Born in Germany in 1483.
After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk.
Lived in the city of Wittenberg.
Died in 1546.
Market square in modern Wittenberg; source: 5

6. Protest Reform Definitions To express strong objection
To improve by correcting errors 6

7. Problems in the Church
Corruption
Political Conflicts 7

8. Corruption
The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences.
Woodcut of the pope selling indulgences, from Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist. Source:
Plenary indulgence; inscription on the left transept of the Basilica of St. John Lateran, Rome. © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons. Source: 8

9. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven!
Do not go to Hell!
Do not go to Purgatory!
Get through Purgatory faster! 9

10. Political Conflict KINGS AND QUEENS POPES
King Philip IV of France (ruled 1285 – 1314); source:
Pope Urban VI (reigned 1378 – 1389); source: 10

11. Calls for Reform John Wycliffe (1330-1384) Jan Hus (1370-1415)
Questioned the authority of the pope
Jan Hus ( )
Criticized the vast wealth of the Church
Desiderius Erasmus ( )
Attacked corruption in the Church
John Wycliffe, © John M. Kennedy; source:
Jan Hus at the stake; source:
Erasmus by Hans Holbein the Younger; source: 11

12. Luther Looks for Reforms
Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences.
He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation.
He nailed his Ninety- Five Theses, or arguments, to the door of Wittenberg cathedral for all to see.
Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses; source: 12

13. Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone
The Bible is the only source of truth.
People can read and understand the Bible themselves.
Salvation comes only through faith in Christ.
Luther’s Bible; source:
Luther’s Bible 13

14. Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of his Ninety-Five Theses.
Excommunication!
Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of his Ninety-Five Theses.
Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms.
In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Church.
Luther before the Diet of Worms; source: 14

15. The Printing Press
Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press.
Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide.
Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church.
Printing press; source: 15

16. A New Church
His supporters began to organize a new Christian denomination.
Several German princes supported Luther.
Lutherans and Catholics fought each other.
Fighting over religious principles and political control continues until the mid-17th century
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, by François Dubois; source: 16

17. Lutheranism
Luther’s followers disagreed with many of the teachings of the Catholic Church.
They rejected the authority of Church councils and the pope.
Reading the Bible was the only way to learn how to lead a good life.
Luther translated
the Bible into
German
Luther’s Bible; source: 17

18. The Reformation spread to other countries.
France and Switzerland:
John Calvin preached the idea of “predestination” and that some people had been chosen by God for salvation.
England:
King Henry VIII …
John Calvin; engraving by René Boyvin; source:
Henry VIII (ruled 1509 – 1547) by Hans Holbein the Younger; source: 18

19. Henry VIII King of England Married to Catherine of Aragon
Wants a son but doesn’t get one
Asks Pope for a divorce
Pope says “No!”

20. Henry’s Response Henry breaks England away from Catholic Church
Creates Church of England
Essentially Catholic Church except
Henry is head of Church
Divorces for King are okay!

21. So, what happened with Henry VIII
Divorces Catherine of Aragon
Daughter Mary
Marries Ann Boleyn
Elizabeth
Beheaded
Jane Seymour
Son, Edward VI (a sickly boy)
She dies shortly afterward
Anne of Cleves
Married 6 months
Divorced
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Outlives Henry

22. Protest Religions
Martin Luther and Henry VIII were “protesting” against the Catholic Church and reforming their beliefs.
These and other new religions called “Protestant” and this period in history is the “Reformation”
Lutheran
Baptist
Anabaptist
Methodist
Church of England/Episcopal
Europe is still divided with a Protestant north and a Catholic South

23. Treaty of Westphalia severely weakens power of Holy Roman Empire…
30 Years War –
Treaty of Westphalia severely weakens power of Holy Roman Empire…

24. Germany Remnants of The Holy Roman Empire
Many Germanic States adopt Lutheranism as official religion around 1530
Warfare against Catholics ends in 1648
German States divided into independent principalities controlled by either the Hapsburgs of Austria or the Kingdom of Prussia

25. Netherlands Protestants emphasized individual achievement
Promoted economic enterprise and capitalism
Demonstrate Virtue through thrift and industry
1576 – Netherlands vying for freedom from Spanish control
Help of Queen Elizabeth (allies with other protestant forces)
1588 – Philip the II – Spanish Armada to invade England
Destroyed by English and a storm
Coupled with drying up of mines in new world mid 1600s, Spain sees dramatic decline

26. The Dutch! Ruled by coalition of businessmen
Commercial capital of Europe:
Stock Exchange
Banks
Textile Industry
Shipping Industry
Joint Stock Companies – POWERFUL