1. ASHRAE Stsdddddsd 62.1-2013 Update Standard 62.1-2016
A Summary Update
Oct 2015
Dennis Stanke
March 2017
Dennis A. Stanke

2. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 What Is It?
An ANSI/ASHRAE Design Standard
Title: “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality”
Purpose: “… to specify minimum ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide indoor air quality that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects.”
Scope: “… applies to spaces intended for human occupancy within buildings …”
Scope no longer includes dwelling units in hi-rise residential buildings

3. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Why Care?
Standards:
Std (Design of HPGB) requires Sect 4 – 8
Codes:
UMC, IMC model codes and many local codes base ventilation requirements on Sect 6
IgCC: IgCC provisions or Std (62.1, Sect 4 – 8)
Energy Labels:
ENERGY STAR (EPA) requires Sect 4 – 8
bEQ (ASHRAE) requires Sect 4 – 8
Rating Systems:
LEED certification requires Sect 4 – 7 as prerequisite

4. Outline of Provisions for Designers
Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements
To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants
Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements
To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow
To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow
Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts
Sect 8 Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

5. To assure OA distribution, must: 5.1.1 Designing for Air Balancing
Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.1 Ventilation Air Distribution
Mech Designer
To assure OA distribution, must:
5.1.1 Designing for Air Balancing
Provide means to adjust (balance) airflows
5.1.2 Plenum Systems
Design to assure OA mixing in ceiling or floor plenums
5.1.3 Documentation
Specify requirements for air balance testing
State ventilation design assumptions

6. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.2 Exhaust Duct Location
Mech Designer
To prevent leakage of potentially harmful exhaust contaminants back into the building, must:
5.2.1 Exhaust Ducts with Class 4 Air
Operate ducts with potentially harmful contaminants (Class 4 air) at negative pressure relative to surrounding ducts, plenums, or spaces
5.2.2 Exhaust Ducts with Class 2 or 3 Air
Locate positive pressure ducts with smelly air (Class 2 or 3) outside of ducts, plenums, or occupiable spaces
Exception: Class 2 air ducts sealed per SMACNA Seal Class A

7. Air classes are based on judgement of SSPC
Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.16 Air Classification & Recirculation
Mech Designer
To reduce airflow from “dirty” to “cleaner” spaces, must:
Classification
Designate air from each space/location at a classification not less than listed in Table , , or 6.5, where (for example):
Class 1: Low contaminant concentration (office)
Class 2: Mild concentration (dining room)
Class 3: Significant concentration (daycare sick room)
Class 4: Highly objectionable or potentially harmful
Air classes are based on judgement of SSPC

8. To assure proper OA flow intake control, must: 5.3.1 All Systems
Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.3 Ventilation System Controls
Mech Designer
To assure proper OA flow intake control, must:
5.3.1 All Systems
Include controls to maintain minimum OA intake flow (Section 6) at all load or dynamic reset conditions
5.3.2 VAV Systems (single-zone and multiple-zone)
Include either:
Modulating OA dampers
Modulating OA injection fans
Other approved means of compliance with 5.3.1
Many CV and VAV systems require OA flow sensing to meet Sect and Std 90.1 DCV reqmts

9. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.4 Airstream Surfaces
Mech Designer
To reduce contamination of equipment and duct airstream surfaces, must:
5.4.1 Resistance to Mold Growth
Use duct materials that resist microbial growth per UL 181, ASTM C 1338 or comparable test methods
5.4.2 Resistance to Erosion
Use duct materials that resist erosion per UL 181 test methods
Most matte-face finishes meet these requirements

10. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.5 Outdoor Air Intakes
Project Team
To reduce contamination from outdoor sources, must:
5.5.1 Location
Separate OA intake openings from specific outdoor contaminant sources per Table
For example:
Class 2 exhaust outlet 10 ft
Plumbing vent 3 ft above intake 3 ft
Vents from combustion appliances 15 ft
Garage entry ft
Loading dock ft
Street ft
Dumpster ft

11. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment Particle Filters
Mech Designer
5.8 Particulate Matter Removal. To reduce rate of dirt accumulation on wet surfaces (especially HVAC cooling coils), must:
Use at least a MERV 8 filter upstream of wet devices
Exception: Cooling coils designed, controlled and operated for sensible cooling only
Added exception for chilled beam systems and other systems with 100% OA unit for latent load

12. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.9 Dehumidification Systems
Mech Designer
To reduce moisture in buildings with mechanical cooling, must:
5.9.1 Relative Humidity
Show that system limits zone RH to 65% or less when analyzed at design dew point weather, design cooling load (sensible and latent) and zero solar loads
5.9.2 Building Exfiltration
Design such that OA intake flow equals or exceeds exhaust airflow under all load and dynamic reset conditions
Caution: Simple CV systems might exceed 65% analysis limit

13. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.10 Drain Pans
Mech Designer
To reduce condensate flooding and carryover must:
Drain Pan Slope
Provide drain pan sloped at least 1/8 “ per foot
Drain Outlet
Locate drain opening at lowest point of drain pan and size to prevent overflow under expected conditions
Drain Seal
Use P-trap or other seal to prevent ingestion of air while allowing complete drainage with fan on or off
Pan Size
Size drain pan to limit carryover

14. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.11 Finned-Tube Coils
Mech Designer
To reduce droplet carryover due to dirty surfaces, must:
Drain Pans
Provide a drain pan in accordance with Section 5.10 beneath any condensate-producing device
Finned-Tube Coil Selection for Cleaning
Select finned-tube coils with dry-coil pressure drop of fpm or less

15. Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.12 Humidifiers, Water-Spray
Mech Designer
To reduce water-borne contaminants & droplet carryover, design must:
Water Quality
Use potable water (or better) where water enters ventilation system, space or vapor generator
Obstructions
Locate no air cleaners or obstructions, such as turning vanes and dampers, and no duct offsets >15 degrees downstream of humidifiers or water-spray systems, within manufacturer specified absorption distance

16. To reduce intrusion of water and water vapor, must:
Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.14 Building Envelope and Interior Surfaces
Project Team
To reduce intrusion of water and water vapor, must:
Building Envelope
Use a weather barrier
Use a vapor retarder (typically on the warm side)
Seal all envelope seams, joints and penetrations
Condensation on Interior Surfaces
Insulate pipes and ducts and retard vapor to prevent formation on condensate on or inside insulation
Insulate and protect indoor cold pipes, and cold outdoor pipes that enter the building

17. Outline of Provisions for Designers
Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements
To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants
Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements
To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow
To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow
Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts
Sect 8 Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

18. Std 62.1 Section 6 – [Ventilation] Procedures 6.1 General
Mech Designer
To reduce indoor contaminant concentrations, design outdoor air (OA) intake systems to meet Section 6.2, 6.3 and/or 6.4, and exhaust systems to meet Section 6.5:
6.1.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP).
Prescribes minimum OA rates, calculation procedures
6.1.2 IAQ Procedure (IAQP).
Requires analysis of contaminant levels (“performance”) based on sources and target concentrations, to find minimum OA rates
6.1.3 Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)
Prescribes OA opening area and geometry for natural ventilation

19. Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
To reduce introduction of outdoor contaminants in EPA non-attainment locations, must:
6.2.1 Outdoor Air Treatment.
Use at least MERV 6 if PM10 exceeds NAAQS
Use at least MERV 11 if PM2.5 exceeds NAAQS
Use at least 40% efficient ozone air cleaner if ozone greatly exceeds the NAAQS (very high non-attainment area – only four counties in USA)
Document design assumptions, and air cleaning contaminant concentration calculations if any other contaminant exceeds the NAAQS

20. To reduce contaminants in each occupied zone, must:
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
To reduce contaminants in each occupied zone, must:
6.2.2 Zone Calculations
Use minimum OA rates (Table : cfm/per, cfm/sf) and Eq to find breathing zone outdoor airflow: (Vbz = Rp*Pz + Ra*Az)
Use Table to find zone air distribution effectiveness
(typically, Ez = 1.0 for clg, 0.8 for htg)
Use Equation to find zone outdoor airflow: (Voz = Vbz/Ez)
These calculations result in design minimum zone outdoor airflow (Voz) for any system type

21. To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
6.2.3 Single-Zone Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to one zone, must:
Use Eq to find system-level outdoor air intake flow: (Vot = Voz)

22. To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
% Outdoor Air Systems. Where one air handler supplies only outdoor air to one or more zones, must:
Use Eq to find system-level outdoor air intake flow: (Vot = Sall zonesVoz)

23. Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
6.2.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to many zones, must:
Use Table values or Appendix A equations (shown below) to find system ventilation efficiency (Ev)
Use Section equations to find design system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
Vot = Vou/Ev … outdoor air intake flow Vou = D* S Rp*Pz + S Ra*Az … OA used in zones D = Ps/ S Pz … population diversity factor Ev = min(Evz) … system vent efficiency
Evz = 1 + Xs – Zpz … zone vent efficiency
Xs = Vou/Vps … average OA fraction
Zpz = Voz/Vpz … zone primary OA fraction

24. Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Mech Designer
For design, Vpz is the lowest expected primary airflow at the design condition. Use either: 1) reheat min settings (conservative), 2) the ASHRAE spreadsheet (time-consuming), or 3) an 8760 simulation (most accurate)
To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
6.2.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to many zones, must:
Use Table values or Appendix A equations (shown below) to find system ventilation efficiency (Ev)
Use Section equations to find design system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot):
Vot = Vou/Ev … outdoor air intake flow Vou = D* S Rp*Pz + S Ra*Az … OA used in zones D = Ps/ S Pz … population diversity factor Ev = min(Evz) … system vent efficiency
Evz = 1 + Xs – Zpz … zone vent efficiency
Xs = Vou/Vps … average OA fraction
Zpz = Voz/Vpz … zone primary OA fraction
For design, Vps is the highest expected system primary airflow value at the design condition. Use either: 1) fan block airflow (easy and usually worst-case) or 2) an 8760 simulation (most accurate).

25. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures VRP – OA Calculation Example
Mech Designer
Do we have time for an example? No
But, for illustration, I found total OA intake for a 6-zone school, using different systems and methods:
One RTU per zone (six single-zone systems), both in cooling and heating
One FC per zone, and a 100% OA system, with both CV and VAV ventilation airflow
A reheat VAV (single-path multiple-zone) system using both default Ev and calculated Ev
A series fan-powered VAV (dual-path multiple-zone) system using calculated Ev

26. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures VRP – Example OA Intake Summary
Mech Designer
Ventilation System
OA Intake (total Vot)
Single-Zone Clg
8,900
Single-Zone Htg
11,100
100% OA – CV
100% OA – VAV
MZS-VAV Default Ev
10,800
MZS-VAV App A Ev
8,400
MZS-VAV Series FP
7,800
No population diversity credit
Penalty for “too warm” htg air
No population diversity credit
No population diversity credit
Conservatively low default Ev
More accurate calculated Ev
Two ventilation paths, highest Ev

27. 6.2.6.1 Variable Load Conditions.
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures Varying Operating Conditions
Mech Designer
To assure required minimum OA flow as operating conditions change, system designs are permitted to:
Variable Load Conditions.
Reset breathing zone OA flow, provided minimum OA flow at any load is supplied when zones are occupied
Short-Term Conditions.
Use average conditions over time T (= 3*volume/Vbz) to find design population or intake airflow, where peak population time is “short” or intake flow is interrupted (T = 3*volume / Vbz-peak)
Averaging benefit might be low in classrooms
(T ~ 60 min), but higher in offices (T ~ 350 min)

28. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset
Mech Designer
To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to:
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
Reset breathing zone OA flow (Vbz) based on current population, but no lower than Ra × Az (except in some zones, e.g. lecture classrooms, offices, public assembly spaces in standby mode)
And must document DCV operational functions
Often DCV with CO2 and/or occupancy sensor
Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

29. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset
Mech Designer
To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to:
Ventilation Efficiency.
Reset VAV OA intake flow (Vot) as vent system efficiency (Ev) varies, usually in VAV systems
Implies dynamic calculation of Ev and Vot
Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

30. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset
Mech Designer
To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to:
Outdoor Air Fraction.
Reset VAV minimum zone primary airflow (Vpz) as system outdoor air fraction (Zp) varies, usually during economizer operation in VAV systems
Implies dynamic calculation of Zp, Ev and Vot
Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

31. Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
Mech Designer
To determine zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) based on contaminant levels, designers must:
6.3.1 Contaminant Sources. Identify contaminants of concern (CoC), constituents of mixtures of concern (MoC), and sources and emission rates for each
6.3.2 Contaminant Concentration. Determine concentration limit for each CoC and MoC
6.3.3 Perceived IAQ. Specify acceptable IAQ level in terms of perceived IAQ (percent satisfied)
6.3.4 Design Approach. Find zone and system OA rates using the larger of those found by mass balance analysis or by subjective or similar-zone analysis

32. To comply with design approach (6.4.3), designers must:
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
Mech Designer
To comply with design approach (6.4.3), designers must:
Mass Balance Analysis. Determine minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve specified limits for concentration of each CoC or MoC in each zone
Subjective Evaluation. Determine minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve the specified acceptability level in each zone in the completed building
Similar Zone. As alternative to subjective evaluation, stipulate minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve the specified acceptability level in a substantially similar zone in an occupied building

33. IAQP requires judgment (= risk), similar zones
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
Mech Designer
To determine zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) based on contaminant levels, designers must:
6.3.5 Combined IAQP and VRP.
Apply both the VRP and the IAQP, where VRP determines base OA flow and IAQP determines additional OA flow or air-cleaning efficiency required to meet IAQP requirements
6.3.6 Documentation. Provide design documents that include CoC, MoC, source and emission rates, concentration limits, etc.
IAQP requires judgment (= risk), similar zones
IAQP not allowed by Std 189.1, IgCC or LEED

34. To meet natural ventilation (NV) procedure, must:
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.4 Natural Ventilation Procedure
Project Team
To meet natural ventilation (NV) procedure, must:
6.4 Natural Ventilation Procedure.
Meet Section geometric requirements
Include mechanical ventilation (MV) to meet VRP or IAQP (i.e, must design mixed-mode system)
6.4.1 Floor Area to be Ventilated.
Find NV area based on opening location, ceiling height
6.4.2 Location and Size of Openings.
Size openings to outdoors ≥ 4% of occupiable floor area
6.4.3 Control and Accessibility.
Provide readily accessible means to operate openings
Provide controls to coordinate NV and MV operation

35. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation
Mech Designer
To assure removal of contaminants from local indoor sources by exhaust ventilation, designer must:
6.5.1 Prescriptive Compliance Path.
Determine zone exhaust airflow per Table 6.5
Examples of req’d exhaust for more than 20 occupancy categories listed:
Art classroom cfm/ft2
Beauty and nail salons 0.60
Kitchenettes
Parking garages
Locker/dressing rooms 0.25
Copy, printing rooms 0.50

36. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation
Mech Designer
To assure removal of contaminants from local indoor sources by exhaust ventilation, designer must:
6.5.2 Performance Compliance Path. To allow demand controlled exhaust, as an alternative to the prescriptive path, designers must:
Identify CoC or MoC
Identify indoor & outdoor sources for each CoC or MoC and determine emission rate from each source
Specify a target concentration, exposure period and cognizant authority for each CoC or MoC
Monitor each CoC or MoC and automatically modulate exhaust airflow rate to maintain concentrations at or below target levels

37. Good documentation of ventilation design is critical.
Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.6 Design Documentation Procedures
Mech Designer
To assure and verify proper implementation of ventilation design procedures, designer must:
6.6 Design Documentation Procedures
Document and make available all design criteria and assumptions required by Section 4.3, 5.1.3, , , and 6.3.6
Good documentation of ventilation design is critical.

38. Outline of Provisions for Designers
Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements
To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants
Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements
To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow
To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow
Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts
Sect 8: Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

39. To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must:
Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.1 Construction Phase
Project Team
To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must:
7.1.1 Application.
Comply with Sect 7.1 for ventilation systems and spaces
Filters.
Install filters before operating fans
Protection of Materials.
Protect materials from rain & moisture in transit & on-site; don’t install moldy materials

40. To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must:
Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.1 Construction Phase
Project Team
To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must:
Protection of Occupied Areas.
Where construction requires a bldg permit & generates significant contaminants, reduce contaminant migration into occupied areas (e.g., seal, exhaust, pressurize)
Air Duct Construction.
Construct ducts per SMACNA or NFPA standards

41. To assure proper start-up the project team must: 7.2.1 Application.
Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.2 System Start-Up
Project Team
To assure proper start-up the project team must:
7.2.1 Application.
Comply with Sect 7.2 for newly installed or altered existing ventilation systems
7.2.2 Air Balancing.
Perform air balance per ASHRAE Standard 111
7.2.3 Testing of Drain Pans.
Field test condensate pans for proper drainage. Exception: Drainage certified by manufacturer.
7.2.4 Ventilation System Start-Up.
Air distribution system must be clean prior to start-up

42. Operation and Maintenance Manual
Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.2 System Start-Up
Project Team
To assure proper start-up, the project team must:
7.2.5 Outdoor Air Dampers.
Test outdoor air dampers for proper operation prior to occupancy
7.2.6 Documentation.
Provide ventilation system documentation to the owner including: Operation and Maintenance Manual with HVAC controls information, air balance report, and design criteria, assumptions and related drawings
Operation and Maintenance Manual

43. Std 62.1 Section 8 – Operations and Maintenance
Project Team
To assure systems are operated as designed, the project team must:
8.1 New construction and change-of-use
Comply with this section
8.2 Operations and Maintenance Manual
Develop ventilation system documentation including: Operation and Maintenance Manual with O&M procedures, ventilation system operating schedules, final design drawings, maintenance schedules, requirements and frequency
Operation and Maintenance Manual

44. Std 62.1 Section 8 – Operations and Maintenance
Project Team
To assure systems are operated as designed, the O&M Manual must instruct the owner to:
8.3 Ventilation System Operation
Operate ventilation systems per the O&M Manual
Operate ventilation systems to comply with Sect 6 whenever spaces are expected to be occupied
8.4 Ventilation System Maintenance
Maintain ventilation system components per the O&M Manual

45. Std 62.1 Summary
The Std 62.1 VRP rates and procedures are required by IMC, UMC, Energy Star, bEQ
In addition, most Std 62.1 provisions are required by LEED
And, nearly all provisions are required by Std 189.1
The 2016 version has relatively minor new requirements compared to the 2013 version (See summary in Appendix K)
And of course, we’ve run out of time!

46. ASHRAE 62.1 update: Where are we now?
Questions?
Any Questions?
ASHRAE 62.1 update: Where are we now?