1. Feces Mainly in Soil
The diseases in this category are mainly transmitted through
fecal contamination of soil.
These infections are acquired
through man’s exposure to fecally contaminated soil

2. Ascariasis Definition:
A helminthic infection of the small intestine generally associated with few or no symptoms.
Infectious agent:
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Epidemiology:
Occurrence- The most common parasite of humans where sanitation is poor. School children (5-10 years of age) are most affected. Highly prevalent in moist tropical countries

3. Reservoir- Humans; ascarid eggs in soil.
Mode of transmission- Ingestion of infective eggs from soil contaminated with human feces or uncooked produce contaminated with soil containing infective eggs but not directly from person to person or from fresh feces.
Incubation period- 4-8 weeks.
Period of communicability- As long as mature fertilized female worms live in the intestine. Usual life span of the adult worm is 12 months.
Susceptibility and resistance- Susceptibility is general.

4. Life Cycle TRANSMISSION
1. Infective eggs ingested in food or from contaminated hands
 2. Larvae hatch. Migrate through liver and lungs.
3. Pass up trachea and are swallowed
4. Become mature worms in small intestine
5. Eggs produced and passed in feces.
6. Eggs become infective (embryonated) in soil in days.
7. Infective eggs contaminate the environment

5. Clinical Manifestation
Most infections go unnoticed until large worm is passed in feces and occasionally the mouth and nose.
Migrant larvae may cause itching, wheezing and dyspnea, fever, cough productive of bloody sputum may occur.
Abdominal pain may arise from intestinal or duct (biliary, pancreatic) obstruction.
Serious complications include bowel obstruction due to knotted/intertwined worms.
Diagnosis
Microscopic identification of eggs in a stool sample
Adult worms passed from anus, mouth or nose.
Treatment
1. Albendazole or 2. Mebendazole or 3. Piperazine or 4. Levamisole

6. Prevention and control
1. Treatment of cases
2. Sanitary disposal of feces
3. Prevent soil contamination in areas where children play
4. Promote good personal hygiene (handwashing).

7. Entrobiasis (Oxyuriasis, pinworm infection)
Definition
A common intestinal helminthic infection that is often
asymptomatic.
Infectious agent: Entrobius vermicularis
Epidemiology
Occurrence- Worldwide, affecting all socio-economic classes
with high rates in some areas. Prevalence is highest in
school-aged children, followed by preschools and is lowest in
adults except for mothers of infected children. Prevalence is
often high in domiciliary institutions. Infection usually occurs in more than one family member.
Reservoir- Human

8. Mode of transmission-:
Direct transfer of infective eggs by hand from anus to mouth of the same or another person or indirectly through clothing, bedding, food or other articles contaminated with eggs of the parasite.
Incubation period- 2-6 weeks
Period of communicability- As long as gravid females are discharging eggs on perianal skin. Eggs remain infective in an
indoor environment for about 2 weeks.
Susceptibility and resistance- Susceptibility is universal.

9. Clinical manifestation
Perianal itching, disturbed sleep, irritability and some times secondary infection of the scratched skin.
Diagnosis
Stool microscopy for eggs or female worms.
Treatment
Mebendazole.
Prevention and control
1. Educate the public about hygiene (i.e. handwashing before eating or preparing food, keeping nails short and discourage nail biting).
2. Treatment of cases
3. Reduce overcrowding in living accommodations.
4. Provide adequate toilets

10. Hookworm disease (Ancylostomiasis)
Definition
A common chronic parasitic infection with a variety of
symptoms usually in proportion of the degree of anemia
Infectious agent :Ancylostoma duodenale Epidemiology
Occurrence- Widely endemic in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary disposal of human feces is not practiced and the soil moisture and temperature conditions favor development of infective larvae.
Reservoir- Humans

11. Mode of transmission- Through skin penetration by the infective larvae.
Incubation period- Symptoms may develop after a few weeks to many months depending on intensity of infection and iron intake of the host.
Period of communicability- Infected people can contaminate the soil for several years in the absence of treatment.
Susceptibility - Susceptibility is universal. No evidence that immunity develops with infection.

12. Life cycle TRANSMISSION
1. Infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, e.g. feet. Also transmitted by ingestion of larvae.
HUMAN HOST
2. Larvae migrate. Pass up trachea and are swallowed.
3. Become mature worms in small intestine (attach to wall and suck blood).
4. Eggs produced and passed in Feces.
ENVIRONMENT
5. Eggs develop; Rhabditiform larvae hatch. Feed in soil.
6. Develop into infective filariform larvae in about 1 week.
7. Filariform larvae contaminate soil.

13. Clinical Manifestation
The clinical manifestation is related to:
1. Larval migration of the skin
Produces transient, localized maculopapular rash
associated with itching called ground itch.
2. Migration of larva to the lungs.
Produces cough, wheezing and transient pneumonitis.
3. Blood sucking Light infection-no symptoms
Heavy infection-result in symptoms of peptic ulcer disease like epigastric pain and tenderness. Further loss of blood leads to anemia manifested by exertional dyspenea, weakness and light-headedness

14. Diagnosis
Demonstration of eggs in stool specimen.
Treatment
1. Mebendazole or
2. Albendazole or
3. Levamisole
Prevention and control
1. Sanitary disposal of feces
2. Wearing of shoes
3. Case treatment.