1. Cardiovascular Conditions

2. Review of some terms… Ischemia: lack of blood flow to the heart
Fibrillation: rapid, uncoordinated movement of the heart muscle due to ischemia
Cardiac Arrest: blood flow to body ceases, leads to death

3. Conditions Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis
Any hardening of arteries, which leads to narrowing of artery lumen, and so insufficient blood supply to the organ it feeds
Atherosclerosis
Hardening specifically due to plaque buildup

6. A Balloon Angioplasty or a Stent can be used to treat the previous conditions

8. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angioplasty/Angioplas ty_All.html

9. Conditions Thrombosis: blood clot in an intact blood vessel
Can happen in arteries or veins
Most common in veins of the legs
Compression stocking and anticoagulants can help

11. Conditions
Embolism: occurs when a thrombosis migrates from one part of the body to another (via circulation) and causes a blockage

12. Conditions
Pulmonary Embolism: when an embolism blocks the pulmonary arteries specifically
king/Pulmonary-Embolism.htm

13. Conditions Varicose Veins: veins have become enlarged and twisted
Can happen as blood pressure in veins increases and gets blocked around the valves
More common in women; linked with heredity; becomes worse with obesity and prolonged standing
health/Varicose-Veins.htm

14. Conditions Hypertension: high blood pressure
Systolic above 140 and diastolic above 90
Can indicate other issues

15. Your chances of developing high blood pressure are also higher if you:
Are overweight
Are a man over the age of 45 / woman over 55
Have a family history of high blood pressure
Other things that can raise blood pressure include:
Dehydration
Drinking too much alcohol
Not getting enough potassium in your diet
Not doing enough physical activity
Taking certain medicines
Having long-lasting stress
Smoking

16. Conditions Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
End result of plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen
#1 killer in the US
Often leads to myocardial infarction
Angina (heart pains) can indicate CAD

19. Conditions Myocardial Infarction AKA Heart Attack
A coronary artery is blocked, and so the heart muscle itself is starves of oxygen
ischemia  fibrillation  cardiac arrest  death
If the person survives, their muscle tissue can be severely damaged

20. For your information…
1.5 million heart attacks suffered in the United States each year
500,000 will be fatal
The total direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke in the United States for 2008 is an estimated $448.5 Billion. By comparison, in 2007, the estimated cost of all cancer related costs, both benign and malignant was only $219 billion.

22. Conditions Congestive Heart Failure
The heart muscle is weakened (due to CAD, myocardial infarctions, hypertension, viral infections, or stresses such as childbirth & chemo/radiation)
Decline in pumping efficiency
Inadequate circulation in body – leading to cyanosis and swelling of limbs/abdomen
Because blood not being pumped to body, can get backed up in lungs, causing shortness of breath

24. Conditions Aneurysm Blood filled bulge of blood vessel
Usually an artery
Caused by disease or weak vessel wall
Base of brain and aorta most common places to happen
When it bursts = BAD.

28. Conditions Heart Block
Damage to SA and/or AV nodes causing atria and ventricles to beat at their own rates, which is slower than normal and not necessarily in sync with each other.
ischemia  fibrillation  cardiac arrest  death
Pacemaker can be implemented

29. Conditions Hemophilia
The body’s ability to control blood clotting is impaired, as missing factors prevent fibrin formation in a clot
Sex-linked, x-chromosome disorder; usually shows up in males, but inherited from the mother
Patients can be regularly infused with clotting factor

30. Hemophilia in European royalty is featured prominently and thus is sometimes known as "the royal disease". Queen Victoria passed the mutation to her son Leopold and, through several of her daughters, to various royals across the continent, including the royal families of Spain, Germany, and Russia.

31. Conditions Anemia Blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
Different types include…
Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Sickle-Cell anemia – cells take on abnormal shape, which decreases the cell’s flexibility and oxygen capacity